Tumors of the Urinary Bladder Flashcards
How are most urinary bladder tumors classified?
As urothelial malignant neoplasms
Why is there a high incidence of bladder cancer in Egypt, Sudan and othe African countries?
Endemic schistosomiasis
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
- Smoking
- Exposure to azo dyes
- Schistosomiasis
- Drugs (cyclophosphamide)
- Radiation Tx
What is the MOST important RF for bladder cancer?
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
The loss of what two tumor suppressor genes (and their respective chromosome arms) are associated with bladder tumors?
p16 (9p arm) and p53 (17p arm)
What are the two types of urothelia papillomas?
Exophytic and inverted
Urothelial carcinoma in situ is shown. What are the characteristic changes found in this condition?
Full-thickness malignant changes confined to flat urothelium in nonpapillary bladder mucosa. Epithelial basement membrane is intact.
From where do papillary cancers arise most frequently?
Lateral or posterior bladder walls
Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is shown. What are typical uscopic findings?
Mild architectural and cytologic atypia
High grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is shown. What are the typically found uscopic changes?
Prominent architectural disorganization and pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei
What determines the prognosis of bladder cancer?
Depth of invasion into and out of the wall of the bladder
What is the frequent manifestation of urothelial carcinoma?
Hematuria and less frequently dysuria
What are the most frequent causes of death in patients with bladder cancer?
Uremia, extension into adjacent organs, and effects of distant metastasis
How does squamous cell carcinoma arise in the bladder?
In islands of squamous metaplasia caused by schistosomiasis
