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CLIN PATH > TUMOR MARKERS 2 > Flashcards

TUMOR MARKERS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is one of the older oncofetal proteins still in use. It is not specific for the colon but is found in a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions such as breast, Gl, lung, ovary, pancreas, and prostate cancers.

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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2
Q

It is elevated in alcoholism, inflammation of the bowel, cystic fibrosis, and in heavy cigarette smokers. Despite the nonspecificity of this, it is useful in establishing prognosis and in monitoring therapy. It is measured in body fluids other than serum (ascetic fluid, fluid from cyst, urine, or lavage from any cavity) may also aid in diagnosis.

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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3
Q

Are glycoproteins defined by their antigenic property. They are cell surface antigens or secreted antigens that are expressed by tumor cells, and against which a monoclonal antibody or antibodies has been produced.

A

carbohydrate

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4
Q

Examples of mucin markers and blood group antigen markers.

A

Mucin markers
- CA15-3 and CA125

Blood Group Antigen
- CA19-9 and CA72-4

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5
Q

The use of ____ in cancer therapy has led to the development of a subset of patients who have human antimouse antibodies (HAMA), which interfere with mouse-derived monoclonal antibody immunoassays.

A

mouse monoclonal antibodies

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6
Q

The function of this is to cause liquefaction of seminal coagulum. 2Because of its tissue specificity, it became the first tumor marker recommended for screening for prostate cancer in older men.

A

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

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7
Q

Is a glycoprotein mucin present on mammary epithelium. Assays for this are not specific for breast cancer because they can be elevated in a variety of carcinomas. However, they are sensitive for breast cancer and are currently used to monitor patients following surgery.

A

CA15-3

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8
Q

Newer breast cancer markers

A
  • CA549
  • CA27.29
  • breasr cancer mucin (BCM)
  • mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA)
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9
Q

Is a mucin-like oligosaccharide characterized by antibody first developed from mice immunized to a human colon cancer cell line (SW-1116). lt has a high specificity for pancreatic cancer but also recognizes other gastrointestinal cancers. It is also used clinically to monitor therapy and to predict disease recurrence. Because it is related to the Lewis substance, Lewis-negative patients will not produce this.

A

CA19-9

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10
Q

Is a glycoprotein defined by the monoclonal antibody OC125. It is a good marker for ovarian carcinomas.

A

CA125

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11
Q

Are marketed for use in the detection of all forms of GI cancer, but especially gastric cancer, which does not react especially well with other markers.

A

CA72-4

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12
Q

Is one of 14 subfractions of tumor-associated antigen (TA4). (Head, neck, lung, esophagus)

A

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC)

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13
Q

Is a marker for non-small cell lung cancer.

A

Cyfra 21-1

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14
Q

Is found in cell membranes of drug-resistant cells. It is theorized that it is active in transporting the drugs out of the cells. lt is normally found in kidney, liver, adrenal, and Gl tract cells. It can be measured using a monoclonal antibody, C219.

A

P-glycoprotein

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15
Q

Is the major iron storage protein and is found in most cells. It is frequently assayed as an indicator of iron status since the plasma or serum ferritin level is directly proportional to the body iron stores.

A

Ferritin

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16
Q

Is an antigen found on the surface of all nucleated cells. lt is a subunit of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and is elevated in all diseases associated with rapid cell turnover. lt is used as a marker for leukemias, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma and it correlates well with B lymphocyte activity and elevated in HIV patients.

A

Beta2-Microglobulin

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17
Q

Is the connecting peptide between the A and B chain of proinsulin. lt is dissociated from these chains to produce active insulin. It is elevated in patients with increased endogenous insulin production, for example, insulinoma.

A

C-peptide

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18
Q

Is not elevated in patients receiving exogenous insulin.

A

C-peptide

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19
Q

Some patients with beta cell pancreatic tumors produce ____ levels of insulin but their C-peptide levels of insulin are uniformly ____.

A

fluctuating; high

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20
Q

Have been used as markers in multiple myeloma and in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

A

immunoglobulins

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21
Q

Are also present in patients with these cancers using immunoglobulins.

A

Bence Jones protein

22
Q

Is a large glycoprotein located in the thyroid where it serves as a precursor to thyroxine (T,) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is elevated in patients with follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma and thyroid adenoma as well as in a variety of other thyroid conditions but not with medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Thyroglobulin

23
Q

Is an oncofetal protein related to the cytokeratins. It is synthesized during mitosis and therefore is a useful marker of cellular proliferation. Quantitation of this marker has proved useful in monitoring and staging because it correlates well with the tumor burden.

A

Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)

24
Q

Is a family of acylated derivatives of neuraminic acid usually found on the terminal end of the carbohydrate portion of glycoprotein or glycolipid in cell membranes. he carbohydrate portion may influence cell-to-cell interaction, affecting cohesion, adherency, and antigenicity. These characteristics change following malignant transformation of a cell. lt is used for monitoring patient response to therapy and recurrence of disease.

A

Lipid-associated Sialic acid

25
Q

Is an amino acid that is elevated in patient’s with bone metastases. lt is a marker of invasion and metastasis and is measured in urine using HPLC.

A

Hydroxyproline (Hyp)

26
Q

Are stabilizing agents that associate with cell membranes and nucleic acids. They are metabolic products produced by all proliferation cells and acetylated in the liver. Since their concentration in urine appears to parallel the rate of proliferation, they have been used to monitor therapy and recurrence of disease.

A

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine)

27
Q

Can be used to confirm the diagnosis of leukemias and lymphomas and to discriminate between different subtypes. This is an aid in diagnosis and gives reliable prognostic information.

A

Blood Cell Surface Antigens (ntibodies to lymphoid and myeloid cell surface antigens together with flow cell cytometry)

28
Q

Direct analysis of nuclear DNA is useful in

A
  • determining diagnosis (benign versus malignant),
  • determining prognosis (survival time),
  • monitoring patients for increase aneuplasia,
  • predicting or evaluating therapeutic response
29
Q

Normal nonproliferating cells (in G1 or GO cell cycle phase) are ____, whereas DNA doubles during the synthesis phase (S phase) of proliferation and remains ___ (cell cycle G2) until mitosis (M phase).

A

diploid; doubled

30
Q

Cancer cells may have an abnormally high percentage of their cells that are in ____.

A

S phase

31
Q

There are two types of genetic tumor markers:

A
  • oncogenes

- anti-oncogenes (suppressor genes)

32
Q

Are activated by mutational events that cause increased transcription of growth and proliferation, promoting protein products or products which antagonize (suppress) normal cellular apoptosis.

A

oncogenes

33
Q

The protein product of oncogenes functions as a growth factor receptor and the over expression of the gene is strongly associated with.

A

breast and ovarian cancer

34
Q

Mutations include:

A
  • insertions,
  • deletions,
  • translocations
  • inversions,
  • point mutations
35
Q

Many oncogenes are of viral origin and many human oncogenes are associated with ____ but a few are associated with solid tumors.

A

hematologic malignancies

36
Q

Genes that code for normal protein products that down regulate (control) cellular proliferation.

A

suppressor genes

37
Q

Allows continuous transcription of growth, proliferation, and metastasis, promoting protein products.

A

Loss of suppressor genes, and consequently their protein

products

38
Q 
Located on Chromosome 1, N-ras (“neuroblastoma 
RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog”).
A

ONCOGENES

39
Q

Codes for a transmembrane receptor with protein kinase activity.

A

c-erbB-2 gene (HER-2/neu)

40
Q

Codes for a protein product (p62) that binds to DNA and regulates transcription.

A

c-myc gene

41
Q

Is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung, breast carcinoma, gastric and other GI cancers, and promyelocytic leukemia.

A

Overexpression of the gene

42
Q

Translocation of the gene is seen in

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma and a variety of others B and T cell lymphomas

43
Q

Is the result of a translocation of the abl gene from the distal portion of chromosome 9 to the ber region of chromosome 22.

A

Philadelphia chromosome

44
Q

Gene is involved in signal transduction and associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A

c-abl/bcr

45
Q

Type of oncogene was first observed in brain cancer. lt is the result of abnormal DNA amplification and its protein product functions as a transcription regulator. lt is associated with neuroendocrine tumors.

A

N-myc oncogene

46
Q

Is located on chromosome 18 and encodes a protein that is similar to cell adhesion proteins. lt is responsible for down regulating proliferation in gastrointestinal cells. The loss of this gene causes late stage colon cancer.

A

DCC gene

47
Q

Located on chromosome 17, codes for a protein that regulates transition into S phase of the cell cycle. Mutation or loss of this gene leads to continuous cellular proliferation.

A

gene for p53

48
Q

Is located on chromosome 17 and acts as a ras GTpase activator. The loss of this gene causes neurofibromas, sarcoma, and glioma.

A

NFI gene

49
Q

Was first described in patients with inherited retinoblastoma. The gene is located on chromosome 13 and the protein product (pRB) is an important transcription. This is because one of the two of this gene alleles is absent in the germ line, and therefore it only takes the loss of one (the other) allele to produce a tumor.

A

RB gene

50
Q

Is located on chromosome 11 and codes for a nuclear protein that acts as a transcription factor. Loss of this gene causes Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma), a childhood kidney cancer.

A

WT1 gene

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