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Clinical Chemistry > TUMOR MARKERS > Flashcards

TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards

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1
Q

Used to diagnose cancer and categorize types of cancers

A

Tumor Markers

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2
Q

What tumor markers determine?

A

Tumor burden

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3
Q

What are the Ideal Tumor Markers?

A

Specificity
Lead time
Sensitivity
Short half-life
Cost effective

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4
Q

It is highly specific to a given tumor and present in patients with malignancies

A

Specificity

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5
Q

Should not be seen on healthy individuals; only in _______ if ever present.

A

Specificity; trace amounts

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6
Q

Produce measurable amounts even in small quantities

A

Lead Time

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7
Q

Low false positive rates

A

Sensitivity

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8
Q

Indicates precise progression or regression of tumors

A

Short half-life

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9
Q

Inexpensive and acceptable to the target population

A

Cost effective

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10
Q

2 Classification of Tumor Markers

A

According to Location
According to Chemical Structure

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11
Q

What are included in According to Location?

A

a. Circulating tumor markers
b. Tumor tissue markers

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12
Q

What are included in According to Chemical Structure?

A

a. Enzymes
b. Hormones
c. Oncofetal antigens
d. Tumor-associated antigen
e. Special serum proteins
f. Miscellaneous markers

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13
Q

Where Circulating tumor markers can be found?

A

Blood
Urine
Stool
other body fluids

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14
Q

Tumor tissue markers can found in:

A

Actual Tumors

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15
Q

Circulating Tumor Markers can be used to:

A

Estimate prognosis
Detect residual disease
Assess treatment response
Monitor resistance to treatment

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16
Q

Tumor tissue markers can be used to:

A

Diagnose, stage, and or classify cancer
Estimate prognosis
Select an appropriate treatment

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17
Q

What are the Enzymes that are included in Chemical Structure of Tumor Markers?

A

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Terminal Deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
Neuron-specific enolase

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18
Q

> 3ng/mL: prostatic cancer (advanced phase)

A

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

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19
Q

Metastases to bone
Liver and osteogenic sarcoma

A

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

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20
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

A

Cervix
Colon
Leukmia
Liver
Lymphoma

C2L3

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21
Q

Increases concentration in RBC

A

LD1 & LD2

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22
Q

Increase LDH

A

Increase RBC destruction in leukemic states

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23
Q

Leukemia

A

Terminal Deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

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24
Q

Neuron-specific enolase

A

Brain Tumor
Neuroblastoma
Small cell tumor of lungs

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25
Q

What are the Hormones in Chemical structure?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Calcitonin
Catecholamines
Human chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-HCG)
Thyroid kinase

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26
Q

Human Chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-HCG)

A

Choriocarcinoma
Germ cell tumor (ovary and testes)
Pregnant
Trophoblastic tumors

(CGPT)

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27
Q

Catecholamines

A

Ganglioneuroma
Neuroblastoma
Pheochromocytoma
Produced by Adrenal gland

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28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Medullary thyroid tumor

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29
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

adrenals
Cell carcinoma of lung

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30
Q

Thyroid kinase evaluate disease spread in patients with:

A

Brain tumor
breast cancer
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Small cell lung tumor

(B2L2S)

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31
Q

What are Oncofetal Antigens?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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32
Q

> 1200ng/mL: confirm the diagnosis of primary liver (hepatocellular) cancer

A

Alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)

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33
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein:
(percentage) specific: non-seminoma germ tumor

A

60%

34
Q

Cancers in Alpha-fetoprotein

A

Pancreas
Lungs
Ovary
Testes
Gastric

(PlotG)

35
Q

It is Colorectal Cancer

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

36
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

A

Breast
Lungs
Metastases

37
Q

What are the tumor associated antigen?

A

Carcinomic Antigen
•CA 15-3
•CA 125
•CA 19-9

•Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

38
Q

CA 15-3

> 30U/mL:______

A

Breast Cancer

39
Q

CA 125
>35U/mL:______

A

Breast cancer
Benign/malignant gynecological disease
Cervical cancer
Endometrial cancer

40
Q

CA 15-3
Others: ______

A

Cervical
GI
Ovarian
Lung
Prostatic

CGOLP

41
Q

CA 125
Others:

A

Lung cancer
Peritoneal malignant mesothelioma
Prostatic cancer

42
Q

CA 19-9 is more specific in?

A

Pancreatic and Liver cancer

43
Q

CA 19-9

A

•Gastrointestinal tumors
•Colorectal, Gastric, and Ovarian Cancer

44
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen is specific for?

A

Prostatic Cancer

45
Q

What are the Special Serum Proteins?

A

Beta-2-Microglobulin
Bombesin
Ferritin
S-100 Protein
Thyroglobulin

(B2FST)

46
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Ferritin

47
Q

Follicular Thyroid carcinoma

A

Thyroglobulin

48
Q

Iron binding capacity

A

Ferritin

49
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

Ferritin

50
Q

Ferritin

A

Lungs
Liver
Prostatic Cancer

51
Q

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia & Lymphomas

A

Beta-2-Microglobulin

52
Q

Beta-2-Microglobulin

A

Breast
Colorectal cancer
Lung
Pancreatic

53
Q

Bombesin

A

Gastric cancer
Neuroblastoma
Pancreatic cancer
small cell carcinoma of lungs

54
Q

Prognostic factor of S-100 Protein

A

Malignant melanoma

55
Q

S-100 Protein

A

Astrocytoma
Glioblastoma
Meningioma
Neurinoma

56
Q

What are the Miscellaneous Markers?

A

Polyamines
Nucleosides
Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)

57
Q

Elevated in URINE in cases of rapid generation of cells of certain tissue

A

Polyamines

58
Q

Polyamines

A

Spermine
Spermidine
Putrescine

59
Q

Nucleosides are component of?

A

RNA

60
Q

Nucleosides

A

Dimethyl guanosine
Pseudoridine

61
Q

Enters the circulation in large amounts in cases of enhanced cellular proliferation=malignant processes

A

Nucleosides

62
Q

Non-specific marker of enhanced cellular proliferation

A

Tissue Polypeptide antigen

63
Q

Immunologic detection relies on:

A

Monoclonal antibodies

64
Q

Specific antibodies are incubated with tissue sections

A

Immunohistochemistry & Immunofluorescence

65
Q

It detects the presence/abscence of antigen

A

Immunohistochemistry & Immunofluorescence

66
Q

Colorimetric or fluorescent secondary antibodies

A

Immunohistochemistry & Immunofluorescence

67
Q

It is the most commonly used method to measure tumor markers

A

Immunoassays

68
Q

Example of Immunoassays

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) & Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

69
Q

Automate testing & rapid analysis

A

Immunoassays

70
Q

What are the methods of detection of tumor markers?

A

I. IMMUNOLOGIC DETECTION
II. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
III. ENZYME ASSAY
IV. FLOW CYTOMETRY
V. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS
VI. GENETIC ANALYSIS
VII. PROTEOMICS

71
Q

It is commonly used to detect small molecules

A

High-perfomance liquid chromatography

72
Q

It detect catecholamine metalobites in plasma and urine

A

High-performance liquid chromatography

73
Q

Requires more experience and skill than automated immunoassays

A

High-performance liquid chromatography

74
Q

Enzyme Assays

A

ALP & LDH

75
Q

ALP:

A

Bone
liver
leukemia
sarcoma

76
Q

LDH:

A

Liver
Lymphomas
Leukemia
others

77
Q

Analyze the presence and percentage to antibody tagged cells

A

Flow Cytometry

78
Q

What are the Cytogenetic Analysis?

A

a. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization
b. Spectral karyotyping
c. Comparative genomic hybridization

79
Q

What are the Genetic analysis?

A

a.Sequencing (automated)
b. Reverse transcription
c. Gel electrophoresis
d. DNA micro-array analysis

80
Q

Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization

A

Proteomics

Clinical Chemistry (9 decks)

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