Tudors - Mary Flashcards
When does Edward die?
6 July 1553
What had Mary inherited?
Rebellion by Northumberland
Troubled economy
Protestant country in the making
How serious a threat to the power of the monarch was a female rule?
There were a number of reasons why it was feared that a female ruler would weaken the monarchy:
A woman would be unable to control faction
A woman would be unable to lead an army into battle
A woman was expected to Mary creating the question of who she would Mary and if she would be subservient to her husband
If she married an English man it would give her husbands family power to dominate court
If Mary married a foreigner the country would be dominated by foreigners
What was the Devise?
Named LJG as queen
What does heretic mean?
going against the Queen
When did Mary arrive in London to be acclaimed queen?
3rd August 1553
When did Mary’s coronation take place?
1st October 1553
For how many days was LJG queen?
9
What happened to LJG after Mary became queen?
Imprisoned in the Tower of London
What happened to Northumberland after Mary became queen?
Executed
When was the First Act of Repeal passed?
October 1553
What did the First Act of Repeal do?
Undid the Edwardian reformation
What was Mary’s proclamation for?
outlined her intentions to return to catholicism but not to force her subjects
How may protestants fled England?
800
What were Mary’s royal injunctions?
- supress heresy
- remove married clergy
- restore holy days
Who were the 2 main marriage contenders for Mary?
Edward Courtenay and Philip II
What were the benefits of choosing Edward Courtenay?
- English
- Catholic
- popular with the people
What were the benefits of choosing Philip II?
Catholic
Politically experienced
Creating a Habsburg alliance
Which member of the Privy Council supported Philip?
Paget
Which member of the Privy Council supported Edward?
Gardiner
How did the PC try to allay the fears of the Spanish marriage?
The marriage treaty
When was the Marriage Treaty approved?
January 1554
What did the marriage treaty outline?
- Philip and Mary’s son would only inherit England and the low countries but not Spain
- The same rules would apply if they only had a daughter
- If Mary had no heirs, Phillip and his heirs would not have a claim to the English throne
- Phillip would have the title of ‘King’ and rule as joint sovereign but he would not have any sovereign in his own right
- He could not promote foreigners to hold office in England
- He had to uphold the laws of England
- He was not allowed to take Mary or any of their children out of the country without permission from the nobility
- England had to uphold the treaties of 1543 and 1546 with the Netherlands which said the former should come to the aid of the latter with 6000 men if the provinces were invaded by the French.
When did Wyatt’s rebellion take place?
January 1554
When was Wyatt’s Rebellion meant to take place?
18th March 1554
How many men did Wyatt raise?
2500
When did Mary and Philip get married?
25th July 1554
What are the reasons for the Wyatt Rebellion?
Xenophobia, marriage and decline in Kent cloth trade
What were the aims of the Wyatt’s rebellion?
To remove Mary and replace with Elizabeth
Why did the Wyatt Rebellion fail?
- Mary’s Guildhall speech
- Paget found out about the plot early
- Wyatt did march straight to London, but laid siege to Cooling Castle
- Only Wyatt was able to raise a force
- French did not seize opportunity to invade
- rebellion had to happen 2 months early
Why did LJG die as a result of Wyatt’s rebellion?
Due to her fathers involvement
Who was Simon Renard?
Imperial Ambassador to Charles V
What does the term faction mean?
A small organised dissenting group within a larger one
How was the size of Mary’s PC controlled?
- It was rare for all members to attend and the average size was similar to during Northumberland’s rule
- In 1554 the councillors established a system if committees which excluded the more casual councillors
- In 1555, Philip helped to establish and ‘inner circle’ of nine trustworthy men
- When Philip left England in 1555 and Gardiner died, Paget was able to dominate and complete the reforms, establishing a conciliar form of government
When did Mary’s coronation take place?
October 1553
Who was Steven Gardiner?
A Catholic
Mary’s trusted advisor
Someone who had been in the Tower of London in Edward’s reign
Who was Cardinal Pole?
The last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury
Papal Legate
Who was Charles V?
Mary’s Cousin, Philip’s father and the HRE
When were the Hersey Laws passed?
November 1554
What did Mary have to agree to to get the Hersey Laws passed?
Reach a compromise with landowners
When was the first Protestant burned and how many overall?
1555
284 protestants burnt
Who was John Foxe?
Clergyman in Elizabeth’s reign
Writing at a time when Protestantism had firmly established itself in England
In his Book of Martyrs, therefore, Foxe was wanting:
- to prove that the people of England had fully embraced Protestantism during Edward’s reign
- show how evil the catholics (particularly Mary) were and turn people away from catholicism
- Show how brave and true protestants were and attract people to protestantism
- Show how much better things were under Elizabeth.
What was the process of protestants being chosen to be burnt?
Heresy commissions - bishops conducting visitations to identify heretics
Accuses, arrested by the crowns constable or other borough or county officials
Investigation and sentencing carried out by the churchmen
They would be spared if they recanted and admitted the error of their ways
If they stuck to their protestantism, a writ was issued by the Lord Chancellor condemning them to the flames
The burnings were carried out by the local authorities
Many of them taking place in Smithfield London in Edmund Bonner’s diocese.
When was the 2nd Act of Repeal passed?
November 1554
What did the 2nd Act of Repeal do?
Undid Henry’s reformation
What were Mary’s Foreign Policy aims?
to restore Papal Supremacy
to ally with Habsburgs
When was England excommunicated?
1538 - Henry’s reign
When was England welcomed back in to England and who by?
Pole (Papal legate)
30th Nov 1554
Who became Pope in may 1555? Why was this a problem for Mary?
Paul IV - anti Habsburg (made conflict for Mary)
Who was Pope when Mary came to the throne?
Julius III
Why did Pole order visitations?
to check on clerical behaviour, discipline and finances
What did Mary do to promote religious aims?
visitations, twelve decrees, new publications and clerical education (seminaries to be established so that future priests could be trained)
Who were the Habsburg’s?
Philip and Charles V
When did Charles V abdicate?
oct 1555 - Jan 1556
What happened to the HRE when Charles V abdicated?
The empire split between Phillip II and Ferdinand (Charles’ brother)
What was the Treaty of Vaucelles and when was it introduced?
Feb 1556
peace between France and Spain
When did England declare war on France?
June 1557
When did France capture Calais?
January 1558
When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed and what did it do?
April 1559
end of war
Why was the Netherlands worth defending?
important for cloth trading industry
Who was Thomas Stafford and what did he do?
1557
an exile, landed in Scarborough, took the castle there and proclaimed himself ‘Protector of England’. He had the backing of the French
What economic impact did the loss of Calais have?
loss of trade, there had already been a decline anyway
What image and morale impact did the loss of Calais have?
humiliation, protestant propaganda used to argue the Spanish marriage had failed
What territorial impact did the loss of Calais have?
status as it was the last territory on the French mainland
What military impact did the loss of Calais have?
used to launch Henry’s attacks, difficult and expensive to maintain
What diplomatic impact did the loss of Calais have?
results of the failed Anglo-Habsburg alliance which betrayed England’s interest
