Tubular Organs

Question 1

how tubes are formed

Answer 1

Sheets of tissue folding
De Novo
Diverticulae
Branching

Question 2

sheets of tissue folding

Answer 2

• As the embryo grows, it starts bending and folding
• Tissue folding results in tubular shapes
  1. Foregut
  2. Endocardial tube

Question 3

De Novo

Answer 3

• blood vessel (tube) formation
  1. Vasculogenesis: vessel arising from a blood island
  2. Angiogenesis: new vessels sprout from existing ones

Question 4

Vasculogenesis

Answer 4

Mesoderm –> Hemangiobalsts –> Tube formation

Question 5

Diverticulae

Answer 5

Glands, auditory tube, lungs, liver, pancreas

Question 6

Branching

Answer 6

blood vessels, airways

Question 7

Typical Vascular Tube layers

Answer 7

• Tunica Intima
• Tunica Media
• Tunica Adventitia

Question 8

Tunica Intima

Answer 8

1. Endothelium: specialized epithelium
2. Basal lamina (connective tissue)
3. Subendothelial connective tissue
4. Internal elastic membrane (connective tissue)

Question 9

Vasa Vasorum

Answer 9

-blood vessel that connects to the larger vessel

Question 10

non-vascular tube example

Answer 10

esophagus

Question 11

non-vascular tube structure

Answer 11

Tunica mucosa
Tunica Submucosa
TUnica Muscularis
Tunica Adventitia

Question 12

Tunica Mucosa

Answer 12

Lamina epithelialis (innermost)
Lamina propria
Lamina muscularis mucosa

Question 13

Tunica Submucosa

Answer 13

• Connective tissue
• Blood vessels and nerves
• Ganglia and plexuses
• Glands (limited)

Question 14

Tunica muscularis

Answer 14

• Inner circular layer
• Outer longitudinal layer
• Ganglia and plexuses

Question 15

Tunica Adventitia

Answer 15

-Connective tissue (loose or tense)

Question 16

esophagus within mediastinum

Answer 16

• Esophagus runs in the mediastinum
• Adventitia is a loose connective tissue that is replaced by serosa once esophagus passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Question 17

Serosa

Answer 17

visceral covering of an organ

Question 18

Glands

Answer 18

Endocrine

Exocrine

Question 19

Endocrine

Answer 19

Secreting into the blood a product that has a specific effect on a distant organ or tissue
-pituitary hormones, insulin

Question 20

Exocrine

Answer 20

Secreting into a lumen or duct a product that has an effect at another site
-pancreatic

Question 21

Layer with the most modifications

Answer 21

Tunica mucosa

Question 22

Esophagus modifications

Answer 22

Esophageal glands

Question 23

Stomach modifications

Answer 23

Gastric pits which open into gastric glands

Question 24

Small intestine modifications

Answer 24

Intestinal villi- extension towards lumen
Intestinal crypts - endothelial cells are multiplying
Duodenal glands

Question 25

Modifications of Large intestine

Answer 25

Intestinal crypts

-Lots of mucous production : goblet cells

Question 26

Rectum/Anus Modifications

Answer 26

Glands and cells decrease

Question 27

External openings of tubes

Answer 27

Mucocutaneous junctions

Question 28

Evaluation of Tubular Organ

Answer 28

1. Visual examination of openings of tubes
2. Visualization of internal structures with speculum or fiberoptic scope
3. Palpation (internal/external)
4. Imaging
5. Biopsy