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Block 1 Lecture > The generic cell- intro to histology > Flashcards

The generic cell- intro to histology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue Preparation

A
  • Fixation
  • Embedding in paraffin
  • Sectioning: slice into thin sections
  • Mount slides
  • Stain
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2
Q

Fixation

A
  • Immersed in fixation immediately after removal from the body to preserve structure.
  • Terminates cell metabolism, prevents enzymatic degradation of cells and tissues, and kills pathogenic microorganisms.
  • Use Formalin
  • Formalin slightly reacts with proteins but does not significantly alter their 3D structure.
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3
Q

Embedding and Sectioning

A
  • Samples are cut into thin slices about one cell thick

- After fixation, specimens are embedded in paraffin to allow sectioning into slices

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4
Q

Differences between living and prepared tissue

A 
Fixation process causes large molecules to be lost: 
-Neutral lipids
-Glycogen
-Proteoglycans
-Glycosaminoglycans
Paraffin section preparation causes loss of soluble components
-Ions 
-Small molecules
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5
Q

Components that remain even after mounting on a slide

A

Nucleoproteins: formed from nucleic acids bound to protein
Intracellular cytoskeletal proteins
Extracellular proteins: in large insoluble aggregates
Membrane phospholipid-protein (or carbohydrate) complexes

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6
Q

Staining

A
  • Paraffin is colorless so need to stain slides
  • Histochemical and cytochemical procedures are based on specific binding of a dye or a fluorescent dye labeled antibody with a specific cell component
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7
Q

The cell

A
  • The basic structural and functional unit of all multicellular organisms.
  • Specialized activity/function of a cell is reflected by shape, organization in respect to other cells, products, and relative amounts of specific structural components.
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8
Q

Resolving power

A

The ability of a microscope lens or optical system to produce separate images of closely positioned objects.

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9
Q

Electron microscopy

A
  1. Transmission electron micrography: increases the resolution by a factor of 1000 relative to light microscopy
  2. Scanning electron microscopy: used to study the surface appearance of a structure
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10
Q

Cellular components lost during routine fixing and staining:

A
  • Neutral lipids
  • Glycogen
  • Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
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11
Q

Structures preserved during preparation and staining

A
  • Nucleoproteins
  • Cytoskeletal proteins
  • Extracellular proteins in large insoluble aggregates
  • Membrane phospholipid-protein (or carb) complexes
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12
Q

Plane of section

A

-We see different images depending on the cut and direction of the cut

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13
Q

Hematoxylin

A
  • Basic

- Blue

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14
Q

Eosin

A
  • Acidic

- Red

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15
Q

Basic dyes

A
  • Carry a net positive charge
  • Interact with negatively charged components of cells and tissues
  • The ability of anionic groups to react with a basic dye: basophilia
  • Hematoxylin
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16
Q

Anionic molecules (Neg charged)

A
  • React with basic dyes
  • Phosphate groups of nucleic acids
  • Sulfate groups of glycosaminoglycans
  • Carboxyl groups of proteins
17
Q

Acidic dyes

A
  • Carry a net negative charge
  • Interact with positively charged components
  • Especially ionized amino groups of proteins
  • Acidophilia: Reaction of cationic groups with an acidic dye
  • Eosin
18
Q

Eosinophilic

A

Cells/tissues that contain many positive charges stain strongly with eosin

19
Q

Basophilia components

A
  • Chromatin and nucleoli in the nucleus
  • Ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm
  • These components are basophilic due to the large amount of negatively charged phosphate groups
20
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Complex of DNA and protein that allows for tight packing of chromosomes in the nucleus
  • Heterochromatin: Condensed, DNA not being transcribed
  • Euchromatin: Dispersed, transcriptionally active, cannot be seen via light microscopy
21
Q

Substances that react to eosin

A
  • Cytoplasmic filaments
  • Intracellular membranous components
  • Unspecialized cytoplasm
  • Extracellular fibers
22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Functions in post translational modification, sorting, packaging of proteins for secretion or insertion into a cell membrane.

  • A cell that is actively making large amounts of protein for secretion has a well developed Golgi
  • Euchromatin

Block 1 Lecture (7 decks)

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