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Block 1 Lecture > PNS: Multiple Levels of Organization > Flashcards

PNS: Multiple Levels of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

the brain and spinal cord

-The brain can be divided into the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The neurons or parts of neurons that exist outside of the CNS and connect the CNS to other tissues of the body.
-Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sympathetic trunk, ganglia, and peripheral nerves

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

the visceral motor components of the PNS that control smooth muscle, cardia muscle, and glands. The ANS has a parasympathetic and sympathetic division

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4
Q

Parasympathetic Division of ANS

A

Deals with vegetative functions and mechanisms that maintain tissue health and/or build internal resources.
-Active in an animal at rest.

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5
Q

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

A

Prepares individual to deal with stressful/threatening situations.
-Defend itself or flee

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6
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

A network of sensory, motor, and secretory neurons located within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.

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7
Q

Neurons

A

A bundle of axons with their surrounding connective tissue and blood vessels, traveling in the PNS.

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8
Q

Plexus

A

Mingling of nerves in which axons rearrange between nerves. Plexuses may have ganglia associated with them

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9
Q

Ganglion

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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11
Q

Afferent

A

A sensory neuron or pathway carrying information to the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent

A

A motor neuron or pathway carrying information away from the CNS to control effectors

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13
Q

Effector

A

tissue or cell that generates the response in a nervous system pathway (muscle/gland)

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14
Q

Somatic

A

refers to skin and musculoskeletal structures (muscles, bones, joints, tendons)

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15
Q

Visceral

A

internal organs, blood vessels, glandular tissue

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16
Q

Nervous System Function

A
  1. Communication between tissues
  2. Integrate and process information from the environment and the body
  3. Control movement and Physiological processes
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17
Q

Path of motor response

A

Sensory (afferent) info –> CNS–> Process –> Effector tissue –> Motor response

  • Sensory info detected by sensory neurons
  • Info travels to CNS by nerves
  • Processed by interconnected neuron network
  • Motor neurons generate response via peripheral nerves and neurons that release hormones into circulation
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18
Q

Functional tissue of the nervous system

A

Neurons and glial cells
CNS: grey and white matter
PNS: ganglia and nerves

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19
Q

Grey matter and ganglia

A

contain neuron cell bodies and supporting glial cells

20
Q

White matter and Nerves

A

Contain axons, supporting glial cells

Nerves: support connective tissue

21
Q

Neurons function

A
  1. Detect broad range of information from the internal and external environment
  2. Process that information via networks of interconnected neurons
  3. Communicate with other body tissues to control movement and physiological functions
22
Q

Characteristics of a neuron:

A

Dendrites: detect and receive information
Axon: carries an electrical signal (action potential) over a distance
-Many covered with lipid myelin sheath
Axon terminal: at the end of the axon branch which forms close contacts (synapses) with other neurons/effector cells

23
Q

3 categories of neurons

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Pseudounipolar
  3. Bipolar
24
Q

Functional categories of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

25
Q

The Synapse

A
  • Chemical synapses occur at regions of close contact between axon terminal and neuron/effector cell.
  • Allows communication between cells
  • Action potential –> synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters and binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane
  • Binding of neurotransmitter alters the membrane potential of postsynaptic cell–> which may cause an action potential, muscle contraction, cell secretion…
26
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Detect and/or convey mechanical, chemical, and thermal changes in tissues or receptor organs they innervate.
-Special senses: Vision, hearing, vestibular, taste, smell

27
Q

Sensory neurons innervate cutaneous, musculoskeletal and visceral tissues

A
  • pseudounipolar neurons: carry sensory info from skin, muscle, bones, and viscera to CNS
  • Sensory stimulation –> dendrite –> peripheral process (functions as an axon) –> Cell body –> Central process –> CNS
  • cell body separation from main axon pathway allows action potential to travel to CNS without having to pass through cell body
28
Q

Specialization of dendrites within tissue allow for detection of a variety of stimuli

A
  • Nociceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Proprioceptors
29
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • Convey sensory information regarding tissue damage or the potential for damage
  • Dendrites exists as free nerve endings
30
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect tactile, pressure, and vibration type stimuli

31
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect stimuli related to body movement and position

32
Q

Sensory Neurons for special senses

A
  • Most are bipolar neurons
  • Dendrites associated with specialized receptor cells
  • Afferent neuron may function as the receptor
  • Cell body may be in a ganglion
33
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Reside in the CNS and connect afferent and efferent neurons
  • Interneurons are multipolar neurons
  • Effect on other neurons may be excitatory or inhibitory
34
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A
  • Project to peripheral tissues and produce a response in those tissues
  • Somatic and visceral efferent neurons
    1. Somatic Motor
    2. Visceral Motor
    3. Neurosecretory
35
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A
  • Larger multipolar neurons
  • Lower Motor Neurons: UMNs carry motor commands from the brain to LMNs in brainstem or spinal cord.
  • LMN cell body is located in CNS– ventral horm of the spinal cord or in cranial nerve nucleus of brainstem.
36
Q

LMN dendrites and cell body receive synaptic input from:

A
  1. UMN for voluntary movement and other movement requiring control by the brain
  2. Somatic afferents and local reflex circuits
37
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse formed with skeletal muscle fiber

38
Q

Visceral Motor Neurons

A
  • Multipolar neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands
  • Pathway from CNS to effector tissue involves 2 visceral motor neurons
    • 1st cell body: in CNS
    • 2nd cell body: peripheral ganglion
39
Q

Neurosecretory Neurons

A

-Included in Motor section: contribute to output of nervous system

40
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Grey matter: contains neuron cell bodies and is shaped like a butterfly
  • White matter: surrounds grey matter in spinal cord. Contains axons traveling into and out of spinal cord.
  • Spinal cord is made of segments
  • Spinal cord segments and spinal nerves: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal
41
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • Attached to the spinal cord by dorsal and ventral roots
    • Dorsal root: contain sensory axons traveling to the spinal cord.
    • Ventral root: contain motor axons leaving spinal cord
  • Exit vertebral canal via intervertebral foramina which splits in 3 branches
    1. Dorsal Branch
    2. Ventral Branch
    3. Communicating Branch
42
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • The bony structure made up of the articulated vertebrae.
  • Contain body and arch
  • Vertebral bodies and arch
43
Q

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal via..

A

Intervertebral foramina

44
Q

Vertebral Formula of Dog/Cat

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd ~20

45
Q

Sympathetic Trunk

A
  • Runs longitudinally along the ventrolateral aspect of vertebral bodies.
  • Consists of axons and segmental ganglia from T1 to caudal spinal nerves
46
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A
  • Clusters of neurons located ventrolateral to vertebral bodies along sympathetic trunk.
  • Connected to spinal nerves by communicating branches
  • -Cranial cervical ganglion
  • -Middle cervical ganglion
  • -Cervicothoracic ganglion
47
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

Microscopic clusters of neurons located within target tissue

Block 1 Lecture (7 decks)

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