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Block 1 Lecture > Basic Tissue Types > Flashcards

Basic Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Aggregates or groups of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions. The cells within a tissue work collaboratively, forming functional units.

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2
Q

4 basic tissues

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A
  1. Protection: by forming a barrier between the external environment and underlying connective tissue
  2. Absorption
  3. Secretion
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4
Q

Characteristics of epithelial cells

A
  1. Closely apposed and adhere by specialized cell junctions.
  2. Exhibit polarity (3 distinct domains: apical, lateral, basal)
  3. Lowermost cells are always attached by basal surface to an underlying basement membrane.
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5
Q

Classification of epithelia

A
  1. The number of layers of cells

2. The shape of the surface cells

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6
Q

Number of layers

A 
simple= one cell layer thick 
stratified= more than one layer of cells 
pseudostratified = looks stratified, but all cells rest on the basement membrane (not all cells reach the free surface)
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7
Q

Shape of the cells on the surface layer

A 
Squamous= falt
Cuboidal= width, depth, and height are approximately equal 
Columnar= height of the cell exceeds its width
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8
Q

Apical domain modifications

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Stereocilia
Primary Cilium

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9
Q

Microvilli

A

Small finger-like cytoplasmic projections of the luminal plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell.
Internal structure consists of actin filaments cross-linked by actin-bundling proteins which confer rigidity.

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10
Q

Cilia

A

Motile hair-like extensions of the apical plasma membrane with a microtubule-based internal structure (axoneme) associated with motor proteins. Capable of moving fluid and particles along epithelial surfaces.
-Longer than microvilli

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11
Q

Primary Cilia

A

Solitary projections that are found on almost all eukaryotic cells (not just epithelial).
immotile due to microtubule arrangement and lacking of motor proteins
Function:
- Signal detectors: sense chemical, osmotic, and mechanical stimuli from outer environment.

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12
Q

Sterocilia

A

Unusually long, immotile microvilli that are located on the sensory cells of the inner ear and parts of male repro tract

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13
Q

Epithelial tissues organized in 2 ways

A
  1. Sheets: cells cover or line a free surface

2. Glands

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14
Q

In certain locations, epithelium is given a specific name:

A

Endothelium= the epithelial lining of blood and lymphatic vessels, simple squamous
Endocardium= the epithelial lining of the heart, simple squamous
Mesothelium= the epithelium lining of closed cavities of the body, simple squamous
Transitional epithelium= the epithelium lining the lower urinary tract, stratified with special characteristics that allow for distention

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15
Q

Connective Tissue function

A

Forms a continuous compartment through the animal body. It provides structural and functional support for the other 3 tissue types

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16
Q

Connective Tissue Types

A
  1. Embryonic Connective tissue (mesenchyme)
  2. Specialized connective tissue: bone, cartilage, adipose, hematopoietic tissue, blood
  3. Connective tissue “proper”
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17
Q

Connective tissue (Looks?)

A

-Composed of cells suspended within a tissue- specific extracellular matrix composed of protein fibers suspended in a watery gel

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18
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue cells are not connected to each other.

2. The spaces between cells are occupied by extracellular matrix.

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19
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Consists of protein fibers and an amorphous component (ground substance)
2 basic forms:
1. Interstitial matrix
2. Basement membrane

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20
Q

Interstitial matrix

A

Present between cells (Within connective tissue or between an epithelium and vascular/smooth muscle structures)
Synthesized by fibroblasts

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21
Q

Basement membrane

A

Highly organized form of extracellular matrix which underlies all epithelial tissue. Synthesized by both overlying epithelial cells and cells in underlying connective tissue

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22
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Provides structural, biochemical, and mechanical support for connective tissue.
  • Provides pathways for cell migration, and allows for diffusion of small molecules
  • Lies between the connective tissue cells consisting of fibers dispersed in a viscous clear watery gel called ground substance.
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23
Q

Connective tissue cells

A

-Fibroblasts are principle cell type
Other cells include:
1. Resident cell population
2. Wandering cell population

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24
Q

Resident cell population

A

Exhibit little movement

-fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, adult stem cells

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25
Q

Wander cell population

A

Consists of cells that have migrated into the tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli
-Lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

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26
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • Principal cell of connective tissue

- Most important cells of connective tissue because they synthesize the extracellular matrix

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27
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Display properties of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Elongated and spindly with contractile proteins.
-do not have external lamina and usually exists as isolated cells

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28
Q

3 principal fiber types in connective tissue

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
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29
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Most abundant structural component of connective tissue.

  • Flexibility and tensile strength
  • Light microscopy: appear eosinophilic wavy structures of variable width and length.
30
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • Allow tissues to respond to stretch and distention. Typically thinner than collagen fibers and arranged in branching pattern to form 3D network.
  • Typically interwoven with collagen fibers
31
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  • Provide a supporting framework for the cellular components of various tissues and organs.
  • Arranged in mesh-like pattern or network.
  • Actually a type of collagen but were not originally recognized as such.
  • Narrower than other forms of collagen
  • Not visible via H&E staining.
32
Q

Ground substance

A

Is part of the ECM that occupies the space between the cells and fibers. Viscous clear substance consisting of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, multi adhesive glycoproteins, and water.

33
Q

Classification of non-specialized connective tissue

A
  1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

34
Q

Loose Connective tissue

A

Referred to as areolar tissue.
Loosely arranged fibers and abundant cells of various types.
Located primarily beneath the epithelia that cover body surfaces and line the internal surfaces of the body.

35
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

-Characterized by abundant fibers and few cells.
3 basic types based on collagen fiber organization:
1. Dense irregular tissue
2. Dense regular connective tissue

36
Q

Dense irregular tissue

A

Characterized by abundant fibers and few cells.
Contains mostly collagen fibers, little ground substance.
Fibers are arranged in bundles in various directions.
Fibroblasts are most abundant type

37
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Characterized by ordered and densely packed arrays of fibers and cells
Main functional component of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.
Little ground substance
Cells that produce fibers are packed between the fiber bundles.

38
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A

Responsible for generating movement of the animal body and its parts, including musculoskeletal system, visceral organs, and the heart.

39
Q

Characteristics of Muscle tissue

A
  • Myocytes: muscle cells
  • Myocytes are characterized by large amounts of actin and myosin.
  • Myofibril: functional and structural subunit of the muscle cells : composed of actin and myosin myofilaments
40
Q

Muscle classification

A
  • Classified according to appearance of contractile cells

- 2 principle types: Striated & Smooth

41
Q

Striated muscle tissue

A

Cells exhibit cross striations due to the parallel arrays of myofilaments.
Further classified in: Skeletal & Cardiac

42
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Not striated
Fusiform shape
Number, Shape and location of nuclei: Single, Spindle or corkscrew shaped, central

43
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A

Cylindrical shape

Number, shape, location of nuclei: Multiple, flat, peripheral

44
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

branched

Number, shape, and location of nuclei: Single, block-like, central

45
Q

Skeletal muscle organization

A
  • consists of striated muscle fibers held by connective tissue
  • Multinucleated syncytium formed by the fusion of small individual myoblasts during development.
46
Q

Endomysium

A

Thin, delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surrounds individual muscle fibers

47
Q

Perimysium

A

Thicker layer that surrounds a group of fibers, forming a bundle or fascicle

48
Q

Epimysium

A

Forms a dense sheath that surrounds a collection of fascicles, forming a muscle

49
Q

Cardiac muscle/Myocardium

A

Appears striated because myofilaments are organized similar to skeletal.
Cardiac muscle fibers consist of multiple cells arrayed end to end.
The cells attach to each other via specialized attachment sites: intercalated discs.
May join with 2 or more cells–> branched fiber

50
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Generally arrayed in sheets or bundles of elongated fusiform cells with tapered ends.

51
Q

Nervous tissue functions

A

Enables the body to respond to changes in the external and internal environment.
Sensory component: collects information from the external environment and from within the body via specialized receptors.
Motor component: controls the activity of muscles, organs, and individual cells.

52
Q

Nervous System is divided into:

A

Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System: nerves that conduct impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

2 main types of cells that the nervous tissue consists of:

A 
Neurons
Supporting Cells (neuroglia)
54
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the nervous system
Specialized to receive stimuli from other cells and conduct electrical impulses to other parts of the system via processes

55
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Non conducting cells located close to neurons
Physical support, Electrical insulation, facilitation of repair, regulation of the internal fluid environment of CNS, clearance of neurotransmitters and metabolic change

56
Q

Neuron key features:

A
  • One axon : transmits impulses away from the cell body to a synapse
  • Synapse: specialized terminal which makes contact with another neuron or effector cell
  • Dendrites: shorter than the axon and transmits impulses towards the cell body
57
Q

Axon hillock

A

The junction of the axon with the cell body lacks large organelles

58
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Key features

A
  • All axons enveloped by Schwann cells: provide structural and metabolic support
  • Non-myelinated axons enveloped by cytoplasm of Shwann cells
  • Myelinated axons are wrapped by a myelin sheath
59
Q

Central Nervous system myelination

A

Oligodendrocytes

60
Q

Organization of nervous tissue

A
  • Ganglia: groups of nerve cell bodies
  • Each ganglia contains the cell bodies of either sensory neurons or motor neurons.
  • Nerve fibers travel together in nerves which can be sensory, motor, or mixed.
  • Peripheral nerves are held together by connective tissue in a manner similar to skeletal muscle
61
Q

Endoneurium

A

Composed of loose connective tissue surrounds each individual fiber

62
Q

Perineurium

A

surrounds fascicles (bundles of fibers)

63
Q

Epineurium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire nerve and fills in spaces between nerve fascicles.

64
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands

65
Q

Connective tissue

A

Underlies or supports the 3 other basic tissues. It has both structural and functional roles

66
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Made up of contractile cells. Responsible for movement

67
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Receives, transmits, and integrates information from the external environment and from within the body in order to control bodily activities.

68
Q

Epithelial structure

A

A continuous sheet of closely adherent cells that covers body surfaces, lines internal closed body cavities (including vascular system), and body tubes that communicate with the exterior (resp, digestive, genitourinary tracts).
Epithelium also constitutes the secretory portion of glands, as well as their ducts.

69
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  1. Embryonic: present in embryo and umbilical cord
  2. Specialized: cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood.
  3. Connective “proper” : all connective tissue that isn’t specialized or embryonic
70
Q

Connective tissue “proper”

A
  • Non- specialized connective tissue

- 2 forms: Loose and dense connective tissue

71
Q

3 major types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth

Block 1 Lecture (7 decks)

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