Blood Flashcards
Function of blood
Transportation
Protection
Regulation
Blood Components Centrifuged
Plasma 55%
Buffy Coat- White blood cells & Platelets 4%
Red blood cells 41%
Blood Components
Plasma (water, small dissolved molecules)
Water
Differences between plasma and serum
Plasma comes from unclotted blood
Unclotted Whole Blood (Add anticoagulant)
Plasma
Buffy Coat
RBC
Clotted Whole Blood
Serum
Clot
Plasma vs Serum
- Protein concentration is slightly lower in serum than plasma
- Come lab tests can only be run on plasma and some only run on serum
Blood components- Small molecules
Electrolytes, Minerals, Proteins, Glucose, Enzymes, Other Molecules
Small molecules- proteins
Albumin
Globulins (fibrinogen, antibodies, lipoproteins, acute phase proteins)
Cells of Blood
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Blood Sampling and Testing
Routine bloodwork typically includes:
- CBC
- Chemistry
Complete Blood Count
# of cells, other parameters of cells, morphology -Whole blood, need anticoagulant (purple top, EDTA)
Chemistry
Non-Cellular components of blood (small dissolved molecules)
-Plasma (green top, heparin) or serum (red top)
What sample needed to perform a CBC
Anti-coagulated whole blood
Total Protein/Total Solids
- Measured on refractometer
- Solids causes light to refract
- In chemistry: a chemical reaction
Red blood cell
-Most prevalent
-Primary role - Carry O2 and CO2
Aucleate biconcave disk full of hemoglobin
-Central Pallor visible in some species (dog)
-RBR Precursors in marrow extrude their nucleus during maturation
- Immature anucelate RBC: reticulocyte
-Increased reticulocytes seen in some anemia
White blood cell
-Least prevalent cell
-Primary role : inflammation and immunity
5 types in blood
- Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Granulocytes
Polymorphonuclear cells
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Mononuclear cells
Neutrophils
- Mature neutrophils have Neutral granules and highly lobulated nuclear shape
- Primary role: Acute inflammation, kill bacteria
- Immature neutrophils in marrow have less nuclear lobulation
- Increased immature neutrophils when demand for neutrophils increases –> inflammatory conditions
- Increased immature neutrophils in blood: left shift
Eosinophils
- Lobulated (bilobed) nucelus and many pink granules
- primary role: parasitic infection and allergies
Basophils
- Lobulated, ribbon-like, nucleus, and lavender to purple granules
- Rarely found
- Similar to eosinophils
- More purple than eosinophils
- Primary role: parasitic infection and allergies
Monocytes
- largest WBC
- Nucleus indented (kidney bean), band like or lobulated
- Cytoplasm medium blue +/- small vacuoles +/- tiny pink granules
Lymphocytes
- Often smallest WBC
- Round nucleus, small amount of blue cytoplasm
- High nuclear to cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio
- Production begins in bone marrow
- B lymphocytes continue to mature in marrow (antibodies)
- T lymphocytes finish maturation in thymus (regulated/cytotoxic)
Which WBCs circulate repeatedly between blood and tissues?
None
WBC Circulation
- Mostly it’s a one way street (BM – blood – tissues)
- Recirculation for lymphocytes is normal (BM –blood –lymph– blood – lymph…)
- If antigen is not encountered, they keep recirculating
WBC Longevity
Most spend a few hours in blood
- Neutrophils 12-24 hours
- Eso/Baso: few weeks
- Macrophage: few months
- Lymphocytes : months to years (vax immunity)
Platelets
- Smallest blood cell
- Anucleate cytoplasmic fragments with indistinct cytoplasmic granules
- Pinched off from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
- Primary Role : Coagulation (primary hemostasis)
