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Tuberculosis Flashcards

1
Q

how does TB spread ?

A

through inhaling saliva droplets from someone with active infection

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2
Q

what is TB ?

A

an infection that commonly affects the lung.

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3
Q

can TB cause systemic symptoms ?

A

yes as it can infect other parts of the body

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4
Q

what bacteria causes TB?

A

mycobaterium turberculosis

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5
Q

why is TB bacteria described as ‘acid-fast bacilli’ ?

A

positive rod shaped bacteria (bacilli)

strict aerobes (requires oxygen)

has a waxy coating that is resistant to the acid in gram staining - ‘acid-fast’

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6
Q

what is a granuloma ?

A

collection of macrophages in response to inflammation

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7
Q

what do granulomas in TB contain ?

A

necrosis (dead cells) - ‘caseous necrosis’ / cheesy

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8
Q

What are the types of TB ?

A

Primary TB
Latent TB
Secondary TB
Active TB
Miliary TB

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9
Q

what is primary TB?

A

host develops a primary infection in the lungs

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10
Q

Is latent TB infectious and why ?

A

‘Ghons focus’ - not infectious

TB bacteria in encapsulated

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11
Q

what occurs in secondary TB?

A

latent TB becomes reactivated

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12
Q

what can secondary TB affect?

A

extrapulmonary sites

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13
Q

what is active TB?

A

when active infection occurs within various sites of the body

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14
Q

what are most TB cases?

A

secondary TB

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15
Q

what is miliary TB?

A

TB has haematogenous spread throughout the body.

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16
Q

What TB is life-threatning ?

A

mililary TB

17
Q

what are risk factors for TB ?

A

people from south asia, southern africa etc.
immunosuppression - HIV, immunosuppressive drugs
people who have come in contact with active TB

18
Q

what vaccine is used for TB?

A

BCG vaccine
- everyone at risk of TB

19
Q

what test is required prior to TB vaccination ?

A

Mantoux test - needs to be negative

20
Q

what are the main presentations of TB?

A

history of chronic, gradually worsening symptoms

night sweats
weight loss
fever
cough

21
Q

what are the main investigations for TB?

A

CXR and sputum sample
Ziehl-neelson stain

22
Q

what does ziehl-neelson stain show ?

A

turns TB bacteria bright red

23
Q

what may you see on a CXR if TB is present ?

A

‘millet seeds’ - where miliary TB gets its name.

24
Q

what drugs are used to treat TB?

A

RIPE

R - Rifamipicin
I - isoniazide
P - pyrazinamides
E - Ethambutol

25
Q

what do you give for active TB ?

A

2 months of RIPE
followed by 4 months RI

26
Q

what do you give for latent TB?

A

3 months of RI
OR Isoniazid for 6 months

27
Q

what are common side effects of RIPE ?

A

Rifampicin = red/orange discolouration of secretions like urine and tears (red-pissing)

Isoniazid = peripheral neuropathy.

Pyrazinamide = hyperuricaemia (high uric acid levels) resulting in gout.

Ethambutol = colour blindness and reduced visual acuity.

28
Q

what drugs are associated with hepatotoxicity ?

A

RIP

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
pyrazinamide

Resp (11 decks)

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