TTMIK4 Flashcards
Noun word 단어 picture, photo 사진 key 열쇠 refrigerator 냉장고 music 음악 glass 유리 station 역 pharmacy 약국 color 색깔 make-up 화장 price 가격 woman, girl 여자 girlfriend 여자 친구 reason 이유 date 날짜 travel 여행 weekend 주말
Verb to throw 던지다 to turn on 켜다 to review 복습하다 to return, to give back 돌려주다 to practice 연습하다 to squeeze 짜다 to invite 초대하다 to take (a picture) 찍다 to go in 들어가다 to ask 물어보다 to borrow 빌리다 to park 주차하다
Descriptive Verb to be important 중요하다 to be diligent 부지런하다 to be near 가깝다 to be funny 웃기다 to be young 어리다 to be warm 따뜻하다 to be a lot 많다
Adverb clearly, surely 분명히 extremely, greatly 굉장히 quietly 조용히 less 덜 maybe 어쩌면 newly 새로 first, before other things/people 먼저 soon 곧 sometimes 가끔 always 항상 every day 맨날 almost 거의
Word Builder 1. 동 operation (of a device) 작동 verb 동사 animal 동물 video 동영상
2. 불 anxiety, anxious 불안 inconvenient, uncomfortable 불편 incomplete 불완전 complaint 불만
3. 장 schoolyard; playground 운동장 parking lot 주차장 marketplace 시장 swimming pool 수영장
to be scary = 무섭다
The scarier it is, the more … → 무서울수록 (Lesson 1)
The scarier it is, the more fun it is. → 무서울수록 재밌어요.
The scarier it is, the more fun it is, right? → 무서울수록 재밌죠? (Lesson 4)
I think the scarier it is, the more fun it is. → 무서울수록 재밌는 것 같아요. (Lesson 27)
to wear = 입다
pants = 바지
Do you want to wear these pants? → 이 바지 입을래요? (Lesson 2)
Do you want to try these pants on? → 이 바지 입어 볼래요? (Lesson 12)
No, thanks. → 괜찮아요. (Lesson 7)
Wow, these pants are good! → 오, 이 바지 괜찮네요!
These pants are the best. → 이 바지가 제일 좋아요. (Lesson 18)
These pants are the best among these. → 이 바지가 이 중에서 제일 좋아요. (Lesson 10)
to clean = 청소하다
(the/a) room that someone cleaned → 청소한 방 (Lesson 26)
There is no way that this is a room that was cleaned. → 이게 청소한 방일 리가 없어요. (Lesson 3)
There is no way that this is a room that is cleaned every day. → 이게 맨날 청소하는 방일 리가 없어요. (Lesson 14)
You can eat this. → 이거 먹어도 돼요. (Lesson 8)
You can eat just anything. → 아무거나 먹어도 돼요. (Lesson 11)
You can eat just anything among these. → 이 중에서 아무거나 먹어도 돼요.
You can eat just anytime. → 아무 때나 먹어도 돼요. (Lesson 15)
You shouldn’t eat this. → 이거 먹으면 안 돼요. (Lesson 9)
You shouldn’t eat just anything. → 아무거나 먹으면 안 돼요.
You shouldn’t eat anything at all. → 아무것도 먹으면 안 돼요.
You shouldn’t eat just anytime. → 아무 때나 먹으면 안 돼요.
Song, singing = 노래
to be good at - = -을/를 잘하다
I became good at singing. → 노래를 잘하게 됐어요. (Lesson 29)
I became better at singing. → 노래를 더 잘하게 됐어요.
I became much better at singing. → 노래를 훨씬 더 잘하게 됐어요. (Lesson 24)
spicy food = 매운 음식
I came to like spicy food. → 매운 음식을 좋아하게 됐어요.
Word Contractions
I am okay. = 저는 괜찮아요. → 전 괜찮아요. (Lesson 17)
What’s this? = 이것은 뭐예요? → 이건 뭐예요?
That’s my car. = 저것이 저의 차예요. → 저게 제 차예요.
What are we supposed to do? = 어떻게 해요? → 어떡해요? (Lesson 23)
By Level 4, learners are assumed to have the ability to read and write Hangeul; therefore, no romanization is provided. In this level, building sentences take center stage with the inclusion of lessons on spacing, more advanced sentence endings, and Sentence Building Drill lessons where one can practice creating their own sentences by using the grammatical points which have been introduced thus far.
Lesson 1. The more … the more … / -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록
For the first lesson in Level 4, you will learn how to say “the more [A] the more [B]” in Korean.
“The more [A]” is expressed through the verb ending -(으)ㄹ수록, and the latter “the more [B]” part is expressed through another verb.
Conjugation:
- Verb stems ending with a consonant + -을수록
- Verb stems ending with a vowel + -ㄹ수록
- (Exception) Verb stems ending with ㄹ + -수록
Ex)
살다 → 살수록 = the more you live, the more…
가다 → 갈수록 = the more you go, the more…
예쁘다 → 예쁠수록 = the prettier it is, the more…
비싸다 → 비쌀수록 = the more expensive it is, the more…
이상하다 → 이상할수록 = the stranger it is, the more…
바쁘다 → 바쁠수록 = the busier you are, the more…
Usages
- 맛있다 = 맛있 + -을수록 = 맛있을수록
Ex)
맛있을수록 잘 팔려요.
= The more delicious it is, the better it sells.
- 바쁘다 = 바쁘 + -ㄹ수록 = 바쁠수록
Ex)
바쁠수록 건강이 중요해요.
= The busier you are, the more important your health is.
- 사람이 많다 = 사람이 많 + -을수록 = 사람이 많을수록
Ex)
사람이 많을수록 좋아요.
= The more people, the better.
* Note Although -(으)ㄹ수록 basically translates to “the more [A], the more [B]”, the meaning can change depending on the context of the conversation. -(으)ㄹ수록 can also express the meaning of: (1) “Even more so, especially when…” (2) “Especially if…” or “even more…” (3) “Particularly when…”
Ex)
바쁠수록 잠을 많이 자야 돼요.
= (lit.) The busier you are, the more you need to sleep.
= You need to sleep more, especially when you are busy.
학생일수록 책을 많이 읽어야 돼요.
= You need to read a lot of books, even more so if you are a student.
Using -(으)ㄹ수록 with -(으)면
Using -(으)ㄹ수록 on its own is already enough, but sometimes the speaker wants to emphasize his/her point a little better. This can be achieved by using the same verb stem that would be used with -(으)ㄹ수록 and attaching it to -(으)면.
바쁠수록 = 바쁘면 바쁠수록 좋을수록 = 좋으면 좋을수록
Ex)
The more, the better.
= 많을수록 좋아요.
= 많으면 많을수록 좋아요.
The cheaper it is, the more of it you can buy.
= 쌀수록 많이 살 수 있어요.
= 싸면 쌀수록 많이 살 수 있어요.
Set expression
The expression 갈수록 comes from 가다 + -(으)ㄹ수록 and literally means “the more you go”. However, it is used as more of a set expression which means “more and more so in time” or “as time goes by”.
갈수록 추워요.
= It keeps getting colder.
사브린 씨는 갈수록 한국어를 잘해요.
= Sabrin keeps getting better at her Korean.
Sample Sentences
친구는 많을수록 좋아요.
= (When it comes to friends,) The more friends you have, the better.
= 친구는 많으면 많을수록 좋아요.
비쌀수록 잘 팔려요.
= The more expensive it is, the better it sells.
= 비싸면 비쌀수록 잘 팔려요.
재미있는 사람일수록 좋아요.
= The more interesting a person is, the better.
재미있는 사람일수록 인기가 많아요.
= The more interesting a person is, the more popular he/she is.
= If you are an interesting person, it is more likely that you are popular.
Lesson 2. Do you want to …? / -(으)ㄹ래요?
If you have studied with Talk To Me In Korean until this point, you are already familiar with the future tense verb ending -(으)ㄹ 거예요. Do you remember how to use it? In case it has slipped your mind, here’s a quick refresher:
-(으)ㄹ 거예요 can be used to express plain future tense sentences.
Ex)
내일 갈 거예요. = I am going to go tomorrow.
Now that it is starting to come back to you, take the opportunity to build upon that knowledge and continue this lesson on -(으)ㄹ래요.
Meaning
-(으)ㄹ래요 is used when expressing the intent or the will to do something. If you place a question mark at the end of the sentence, you can ask about someone else’s will or intention to do something, such as in “Do you want to…?” When used as a statement, it can mean “I want to…” or “I am going to…”.
Conjugation:
Verb stems ending with a consonant + -을래요
Ex) 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹을래요.
Verb stems ending with the consonant ㄹ + -래요
Ex) 팔다 (to sell) becomes 팔래요.
Verb stems ending with a vowel + -ㄹ래요
Ex) 사다 (to buy) becomes 살래요.
Sample Sentences
집에 갈래요.
= I want to go home. / I am going to go home.
- Comparison
집에 가고 싶어요. - the most general and vague way
= I want to go home.
집에 갈게요. - looking for feedback / reacting to the situation
= (If so) I will go home. (Implying that you wonder what the other person thinks about it.)
집에 갈 거예요. - most direct
= I am going to go home. (Implying that it is your plan to go home.)
혼자 할래요.
= I will do it alone. / I want to do it alone.
- However, if you say “혼자 할게요” (“I will do it alone (if you do not mind)”), it sounds much nicer.
저는 안 갈래요.
= I do not want to go.
= I am not going to go.
- “저는 안 가고 싶어요” also means “I do not want to go”, but it has some room for change, so it can mean “If you really insist, I might go”.
뭐 마실래요?
= What do you want to drink?
= What are you going to drink?
- Although you can ask a person what he/she wants by using the ending “-고 싶어요?” in Korean, it is unnatural and sounds a bit like a textbook. By using the “-(으)ㄹ래요?” ending, you are asking another person what he/she wants to do in such a way that it lets him/her know that he/she is not obligated to answer because of you or in your favor.
커피 마실래요, 차 마실래요?
= Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
- This can be very similar to “커피 마시고 싶어요, 차 마시고 싶어요?”, but “커피 마실래요, 차 마실래요?” is more natural way to ask.
이거 볼래?
= Do you want to see this?
언제 만날래?
= When do you want to meet?
- Here, you are talking about “we” or “us”, so you can add the word 우리 and say “우리 언제 만날래?” to make the meaning clearer.
** Note
The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending is typically used only in casual settings. You cannot use this verb ending if you are talking to someone with whom you must use formal language.
Lesson 3. It can’t be … / -(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요, 할 리가 없어요
In Korean, when you want to express your disbelief in something that is said, has actually happened, or is happening right at that moment, you can use the ding -(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요.
Meaning
-(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요 means “it cannot be…” or “it is impossible that…”.
Conjugation:
Verb stems ending with a vowel + -ㄹ 리가 없어요.
Verb stems ending with ㄹ + 리가 없어요.
Verb stems ending with consonants other than ㄹ + -을 리가 없어요.
Meaning of 리
리 means “reason” or “logic” and can be found in the words “이유 (reason)” and “논리 (logic)”. Therefore, the structure -(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요 literally means “there is no reason that…” or “there is no logic behind the fact that…”, and when it is translated into English, it means “it cannot be…” or “it is impossible…”.
Examples
- 그렇다 is a very common expression that is used every day in Korean, which means “to be so”. When 그렇다 is put together with verb endings, the consonant ㅎ is usually dropped.
그러 + ㄹ 리가 없어요 = 그럴 리가 없어요!
= It cannot be!
= It cannot be so!
= That is impossible!
- 눈이 오다 = to snow
눈이 오 + ㄹ 리가 없어요 = 눈이 올 리가 없어요!
= It is impossible that it is snowing!
= It cannot be snowing!
- 모르다 = to not know
모르 + ㄹ 리가 없어요 = 모를 리가 없어요.
= It cannot be that he/she does not know.
= It is impossible that he/she does not know.
Using -(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요 with the past and future tenses
-을 리가 없어요 can be placed after the past tense suffix -았/었/였-. In this case, it is always -을 because the past tense suffixes always end in the consonant ㅆ.
Examples
- 가다 = to go
[present tense] 가 + -ㄹ 리가 없어요 = 갈 리가 없어요
= There is no way that he/she is going/leaving.
= He/She will never go.
[past tense] 가 + -았- + -을 리가 없어요 = 갔을 리가 없어요
= There is no way that he/she went.
- 있다 = to be (somewhere)
[present tense] 있 + -을 리가 없어요 = 있을 리가 없어요
= There cannot be something.
= No way that it exists.
[past tense] 있 + -었- + -을 리가 없어요 = 있었을 리가 없어요
= It is impossible that there was …
For the future tense, the same structure as the present tense is used. You can simply add words which indicate that you are talking about a future action or state.
Ex)
내일이 일요일 + -이 + -ㄹ 리가 없어요. = 내일이 일요일일 리가 없어요.
= There is no way that tomorrow is Sunday.
내일 눈이 오 + -ㄹ 리가 없어요. = 내일 눈이 올 리가 없어요.
= It is impossible that it will snow tomorrow.
Sample Sentences
정말요? 그럴 리가 없어요!
= Really? That cannot be true!
효진 씨가 안 왔을 리가 없어요.
= It is impossible that Hyojin did not come.
= There is no way that Hyojin is not here.
경은 씨가 노래를 할 리가 없어요.
= There is no way that Kyeong-eun is going to sing.
= It is impossible that Kyeong-eun will sing.
안 추울 리가 없어요. 지금 1월이에요.
= It is impossible that it is not cold. It is January right now.
이상하네요. 안 될 리가 없어요.
= It is strange. There is no way that it is not going to work.
Lesson 4. Verb ending -지요/-죠
-지(요), just like -네(요)*, is a verb ending which gives Korean sentences a very subtle change in meaning.
- Go back to Level 3, Lesson 25 if you need to brush up on the usage of -네(요) and the difference it makes when using it!
Usages
Use -지(요) when:
(1) talking about something, supposing that the other person also already knows about it;
(2) both you and the other person know about something or have a common opinion about something, and you are just mentioning the fact again.
Use -지(요) as an interrogative (question) ending when:
(3) both you and the other person know about something, but you are just reassuring yourself by asking the question;
(4) you know about something, and you are asking yourself to confirm the fact. In this case, you do not speak in 존댓말;
(5) you do not know something, so you are asking yourself a question. Usually you are thinking out loud and asking the other people around at the same time. 반말 is used in this case as well.
Ex)
오늘 금요일이에요. = Today is Friday.
오늘 금요일이네요! = Oh, today is Friday!
오늘 금요일이지요. = Today is Friday.
(You and the other person already know that today is Friday, but you are just confirming out loud that it is, indeed, Friday.)
오늘 금요일이지요? = Today is Friday, right?
(You and the other person already know that today is Friday, and you are just reassuring yourself by asking the question.)
Conjugation
Present Tense: verb stem + -지(요)
Past Tense: verb stem + -았/었/였- + -지(요)
Future Tense: verb stem + -(으)ㄹ 거 + -지(요) (almost exclusively used only as an interrogative ending)
Contraction
When you speak in 존댓말, the verb ending -지요 often changes to -죠 for simplicity and ease of pronunciation.
Sample Sentences
오늘 날씨 춥지요?
= The weather is cold today, right?
→ (You know that the other person knows that the weather is cold.)
맞아요. 피자 정말 맛있죠.
= That is right. Pizza really is delicious.
→ (You know that the other person also thinks that pizza is delicious.)
재미있지요?
= It is fun, right?
→ (You know that the other person already thinks that it is fun, but you are asking again just to make sure.)
이게 뭐지? (asking oneself)
= What is this?
→ (You are not directly asking anybody, so you do not say “이게 뭐야?” or “이게 뭐예요?”)
그럴 수도 있죠.
= Yeah, that could be possible.
→ (You and the other person both know that something is possible, and you are simply expressing your agreement to what the other person is saying.)
Lesson 5. “당신” and “you”
The word 당신 appears in many Korean songs, dramas and movies, but it needs to be used with caution in real-life conversations. Take a closer look at 당신 by following this lesson.
Meaning
In many dictionaries, if you look up the word “you”, you will see 당신 as a suitable translation. However, in reality, native Korean speakers rarely use the word “you” in sentences, especially when speaking in 존댓말, or formal language.
당신 may technically mean “you”, but the connotation of 당신 is much different than “you” in English. Unless you understand what 당신 means, exactly in what situations you can use it, and how to use it - simply do not use it. Luckily, this lesson is dedicated to helping you understand this pesky, but useful, little word!
Well, then when is it that people DO use the word 당신?
You can use the word 당신 when:
- you are angry at someone and you do not mind fighting or arguing with that person;
- you are translating from a foreign language and you absolutely must have a word for “you”;
- you are writing or singing a song, or are using indirect language in general;
- you are addressing your spouse (commonly used among middle-aged or older people);
- (rare case) you are talking about someone (who is not present) in an honorific way and want to say “he” or “she”.
Usage 1 당신 뭐야? = Who do you think you are? / What are you? 당신 뭐가 문제야? = What is your problem?
Using 당신 in fashion evokes the feeling that you really do not mind getting in a quarrel or a fight with the other person. Note that you are not speaking entirely in 존댓말 anymore. If you are already speaking in 반말, you would say “너”.
Usage 2 & 3 당신의 눈은 참 아름다워요. = Your eyes are so beautiful. 당신에게 이 노래를 바칩니다. = I dedicate this song to you.
You are forced to use 당신 here because you do not know the name of the other person without context.
Usage 4
당신 지금 어디예요?
= Honey, where are you?
Other words which can replace 당신 in this usage are 여보 (most common) and 자기 (more common among young couples).
Usage 5
This is becoming more and more rare. Often at times, people drop the word 당신 simply out of fear of being misunderstood.
Then how do you say “you” in Korean?
When speaking in 반말, you can say 너.
너 + 는 [topic marker] = 너는
너 + 가 [subject marker] = 네가(written) or 니가(spoken)
If speaking in 존댓말, simply say the name of the other person and add suffixes such as -씨, -님, or a word which describes his or her position or job title.
Ex)
현우 씨 지금 시간 있어요?
= (Talking to 현우) Do you have time now?
Ex)
최경은 선생님, 어디예요?
= (Talking to teacher 최경은) Where are you?
If speaking in 존댓말, say the social status of the person.
Ex)
기사님, 여기에서 내려 주세요.
= (Talking to the taxi driver) Please drop me off here.
Lesson 6. Word builder 3 / 동(動)
This lesson offers you a break from Korean grammar and allows you to focus more on vocabulary. With these Word Builder lessons, many (not all) of the words, or word elements, are based on Chinese characters (한자) but the meaning can differ from modern-day Chinese. You do not have to memorize all the vocabulary in this lesson, as it simply serves to help you understand how the key word element helps give words their meaning.
The key word element of this lesson is 동.
The Chinese character for this word is 動.
The word element 동 is related to ‘movement’, ‘move’, and ‘to move’.
Sample Expressions
운 (to transport) + 동 (to move) = 운동 運動 = exercise; workout
Ex)
요즘에 운동 열심히 하고 있어요.
= I have been diligently exercising lately.
동 (to move) + 작 (to make) = 동작 動作 = movement; move
Ex)
이 동작을 따라하세요.
= Follow me and do this move.
작 (to make) + 동 (to move) = 작동 作動 = operation (of a device)
Ex)
작동이 안 돼요.
= It does not work.
활 (to flow, to be alive) + 동 (to move) = 활동 活動 = activity
Ex) 온라인 활동 = online activities 음악 활동 = music/musical activities TV 활동 = TV activities/appearances
동 (to move) + 사 (language) = [grammar term] 동사 動詞 = verb
Ex)
이 단어는 동사예요.
= This word is a verb.
동 (to move) + 물 (object, material) = 동물 動物 = animal
Ex)
동물 좋아해요?
= Do you like animals?
연 (to connect) + 동 (to move) = [internet term] 연동 聯動 = linkage; interlocking
Ex)
페이스북 연동
= connecting to Facebook through another site
연동 되어 있어요.
= (Two web services) are linked/connected together.
행 (to do, to go) + 동 (to move) = 행동 行動 = behavior
Ex)
행동 똑바로 하세요!
= Behave yourself!
동 (to move) + 영 (to project) + 상 (image) = 동영상 動映像 = video
Ex)
동영상 응답
= video response
Lesson 7. It’s okay. I’m okay. / 괜찮아요
The expression 괜찮아요 is used in everyday Korean conversations and is most commonly translated to English as “It is okay” or “I am okay.” Depending on the context of the sentence, 괜찮아요 can have various meanings beyond just “okay”.
괜찮아요 actually comes from a much longer sentence that does not quite make sense in its entirety.
Take a look at the phrase broken down below:
괜하다
= to be pointless; to be meaningless. (This word is almost never used by itself like this.)
괜하 + -지 않다* → 괜하지 않다 → 괜치 않다 → 괜찮다 = It is okay.
* Look back at Level 1, Lesson 21 if you have forgotten what this means!
Present tense = 괜찮아요.
Past tense = 괜찮았어요.
Future tense = 괜찮을 거예요.
Now that you know a little more about 괜찮아요, complete this lesson by taking a look at some examples of how it can be used.
Usages of 괜찮아요
- I am okay.
I am alright.
Everything is fine.
Ex)
(You slip and fall on the ground, and someone asks you if you are alright.)
괜찮아요. = I am okay.
- Do not worry.
No worries.
Ex)
(Your friend is worrying about something, and you want to tell her not to worry.)
괜찮아요. = Do not worry.
- It is good.
Ex)
(You refer to something as “cool”, “good”, or “recommendable”.)
이 영화 진짜 괜찮아요. = This movie is really good.
- I am cool.
I am good.
No, thanks.
Ex)
(Your friend offers you a drink, and you want to politely refuse it.)
괜찮아요. = No, thanks. I am good.
Lesson 8. It is okay to…, You don’t have to… / -아/어/여도 돼요, 해도 돼요
To say something such as “it is okay to…” or “you do not have to/need to…” in Korean, you will need to learn and use the following verb ending: -아/어/여도 되다
How it works:
되다 means “to function”, “to be possible”, or “can do”.
Ex)
지금 인터넷 돼요?
= Does the Internet work now?
지금 배달 돼요?
= Can you deliver the food now? / Is food delivery available now?
배달 돼요?
= Do you deliver food as well? / Can food delivery be done?
도 means “also” or “too” (when used with nouns).
Ex) 저도 갈 거예요. = I am going to go, too. 저도요. = Me, too. 이것도 주세요. = Give me this one, too.
-아/어/여 + -도 means “even if” or “even when” (when used with verb stems).
Ex) 먹어도 = even if you eat 몰라도 = even when you do not know 가도 = even if you go 해도 = even if you do 자도 = even if you sleep 일어나도 = even when you wake up
When combined,
-아/어/여 + -도 + 되다 = -아/어/여도 되다 means “it is okay to…” or “it is okay even if you…”.
Examples
(1)
켜다 = to turn on; to switch on
켜도 되다 = it is okay to turn … on; it is okay even if you switch … on
켜도 돼요. = It is okay. You can turn it on.
불 켜도 돼요. = You can turn the light on.
컴퓨터 켜도 돼요. = You can turn the computer on.
(2)
하다 = to do
해도 되다 = it is okay to do …; it is okay even if you do …
내일 해도 돼요. = It is okay if you do it tomorrow. / You can just do it tomorrow.
내일 해도 돼요? = Is it okay if I do it tomorrow?
(3) 시작하다 = to begin; to start 시작해도 되다 = it is okay to start 시작해도 돼요. = You can start. 시작해도 돼요? = Can I start? / Can we start?
Sample Sentences
이거 나중에 해도 돼요.
= You can do this later.
(Question form: 이거 나중에 해도 돼요? = Can I do this later?)
컴퓨터 써도 돼요?
= May I use the computer?
오늘 쉬어도 돼요.
= You can take a day off today.
How to say “do not have to…”
By using the same structure (-아/어/여 + -도 + 되다) and adding 안 in front of it, you can say “do not have to…” or “it is not necessary to…”
Ex)
(1)
해도 돼요. = You can do it. / It is okay if you do it.
안 해도 돼요. = You do not have to do it. / It is okay if you do not do it.
청소 안 해도 돼요. = You do not have to clean up. / It is okay if you do not clean up.
오늘 일 안 해도 돼요. = You do not have to work today. / It is okay if you do not work today.
(2)
먹어도 돼요. = You can eat it. / It is okay if you eat it.
안 먹어도 돼요. = You do not have to eat it. / It is okay if you do not eat it.
안 마셔도 돼요. = You do not have to drink. / It is okay if you do not drink.
안 + -아/어/여 + -도 + 되다 does NOT translate to “you should not…” in English. However, the next lesson (Level 4, Lesson 9) will cover how to say “you should not” in Korean.
Lesson 9. You shouldn’t…, You’re not supposed to… / -(으)면 안 돼요, 하면 안 돼요
In the previous lesson, we looked at how to use the -아/어/여도 되다 ending to tell someone that it is okay to do something or that he/she does not need/have to do something. In this lesson, you will learn the opposite: how to say “you should not…” or “you are not supposed to…” in Korean.
Conjugation:
Verb stem + -(으)면 안 되다
- (으)면 안 되다 can be broken into two parts: -(으)면 and 안 되다. -(으) 면 means “if” (go to Level 2, Lesson 23 to review this), and 되다 means “to work”, “to function”, “to be possible”, or “can do”. Therefore, 안 되다 means “it cannot be done”, “it is not possible”, or “it is not okay”.
- (으)면 안 되다 literally means “it is not okay if…” or “it is not acceptable if…”, and it can be more naturally translated to “you should not…” or “you are not supposed to…” in English.
Examples
- 열다 = to open
열면 안 돼요.
= You should not open it. / You are not supposed to open it.
열면 안 돼요?
= Should I not open it? / Am I not supposed to open it?
열면 안 돼.
= [to a child] You should not open it.
열어도 돼요.
= It is okay to open it. / You can go ahead and open it.
열어도 돼요?
= Can I open it?
- 만지다 = to touch
만지면 안 돼요.
= You should not touch it. / You cannot touch it.
만지면 안 돼요?
= [asking for permission] Am I not supposed to touch it?
만지면 안 돼.
= [to a child] You should not touch it.
만져도 돼요.
= It is okay to touch it. / You can go ahead and touch it.
만져도 돼요?
= Can I touch it?
More Verb Conjugation Practice
- 던지다 = to throw
던지면 안 돼요.
= You should not throw it.
던져도 돼요.
= It is okay to throw it.
- 팔다 = to sell
팔면 안 돼요.
= You should not sell it.
팔아도 돼요.
=It is okay to sell it.
- 말하다 = to tell; to talk
말하면 안 돼요.
= You should not tell/talk.
말해도 돼요.
= It is okay to tell/talk.
Sample Sentences
지금 말하면 안 돼요?
= Shouldn’t I tell/talk now? / Am I not supposed to tell/talk now?
여기서 팔면 안 돼요?
= Shouldn’t I sell it here? / Am I not supposed to sell it here?
그거 던지면 안 돼요. 유리예요.
= You should not throw it. It is (made of) glass.
Lesson 10. Among, Between / 사이에, 사이에서, 중에, 중에서
To say things such as “I cannot choose between this one and that one” or “she is popular among our friends” in Korean, you need to learn to use 중에서, 사이에서, or 사이에.
Start this lesson with learning about 중에서!
The Chinese character is 中, which means “center” or “middle”. -에서 is a way to mark a location; therefore, when 중 and -에서 are together, it literally means “in the middle”.
Other words which contain 중 (中) are:
중학교 = 중 (middle) + 학교 (school) = middle school
중식 = 중 (middle) + 식 (eat) = formal name for “lunch”
회의 중 = 회의 (meeting, conference) + 중 (middle) = meeting in process
공사 중 = 공사 (construction) + 중 (middle) = under construction
중에서 means “among” or “between”, but it can only be used when listing a few options to choose from. You CANNOT use 중에서 to describe a location and say something such as “the house is located between the bank and the park”. In that case, a different expression, 사이에, is needed (and is explained later in this lesson).
Expression (1) - 중에서
* To make 중에서 shorter, you can drop 서.
When choosing from a few options, put 중에서 at the end of “A and B”.
Ex)
Between A and B
= A하고 B 중에서
Between this book and that book
= 이 책하고 저 책 중에서
Among these three things
= 이 세 개 중에서
Among ten people
= 열 명 중에서
Sample Sentences
Please choose among these.
= 이 중에서 고르세요.
Please take one of these three.
= 이 세 개 중에서 하나 가져가세요.
Expression (2) - 사이에서
When saying “among”, such as in “popular among friends” or “famous among teenagers”, use the expression 사이에서, 사이 can refer to a relationship or the theoretical space between certain objects or people.
Ex)
Among friends
= 친구들 사이에서
Among his/her family members
= 가족들 사이에서
Sample Sentences
He is popular among friends.
= 친구들 사이에서 인기가 많아요.
This singer is popular among Koreans.
= 이 가수는 한국인들 사이에서 인기가 많아요.
Seokjin is popular among our listeners.
= 석진 씨는 청취자들 사이에서 인기가 많아요.
Expression (3) - 사이에
사이에 is used to refer to the physical space between two objects or people.
Sample Sentences
I am between the bank and the park.
= 은행하고 공원 사이에 있어요.
The pharmacy is between the school and the police station.
= 약국은 학교하고 경찰서 사이에 있어요.
Q: What is the difference between 에 and 에서?
A: 에 is used to mark status or location, and 에서 is for an action.
Lesson 11. Anybody, Anything, Anywhere / 아무나, 아무도, 아무거나, 아무것도
To say “anyone”, “anything”, or “anywhere” in Korean, the word that you need to remember is 아무.
아무 basically means “any” in a positive context, and it HAS TO be used along with other nouns - no exceptions! When it is used in a negative context, it means “no” + noun.
Sample Expressions (positive sentences)
For positive sentences, add -나 at the end of the word.
- 아무나 = anybody; does not matter who; anyone
Ex)
아무나 올 수 있어요. = Anyone can come.
- 아무거나 = anything; does not matter what
Ex)
아무거나 주세요. = Just give me anything.
(아무거나 comes from 아무 + 것이나. 것 means “thing”.)
- 아무데나 = anywhere; any place
Ex)
아무데나 좋아요. = Any place is good.
(In the dictionary, 데 means “place” or “spot”.)
Sample Expressions (negative sentences)
For negative sentences, add -도 at the end of the word.
- 아무도 = nobody; not anybody
Ex)
아무도 없어요? = Nobody is here? ’Ai cũng không có’
- 아무것도 = nothing; not anything ’Cái gì cũng (không)’
Ex)
아무것도 만지지 마세요. = Do not touch anything.
아무것도 몰라요. = I do not know anything.
- 아무 데도 = nowhere; not any place
Ex)
아무 데도 안 갈 거예요. = I am not going anywhere.
How to say “not just anything/anyone/anywhere”
If you want someone to be careful making a choice when saying something such as “Do not hang out with just anyone”, “Do not buy just anything”, or “Do not eat just anywhere”, use the expression 아무나 (anyone), 아무거나 (anything), or 아무 데나 (anywhere).
Ex)
(1) 아무나 올 수 없어요. = Not everyone can come. 아무도 올 수 없어요. = Nobody can come.
(2) 아무거나 먹으면 안 돼요. = You should not eat just anything. 아무것도 먹으면 안 돼요. = You should not eat anything at all.
(3) 아무 데나 가고 싶지 않아요. = I do not want to go just anywhere. 아무 데도 가고 싶지 않아요. = I do not want to go anywhere.
There are more types of expressions using 아무, such as 아무때나 for “anytime” and 아무한테나 for “to anyone”, but those will be covered in a future lesson.
Lesson 12. To try doing something / -아/어/여 보다, 해 보다
This particular sentence structure “verb stem + -아/어/여 보다” is used to:
- tell someone to try or attempt something;
- ask if someone has ever done or tried something;
- make a command sound less demanding.
The structure -아/어/여 보다 is composed of two parts: -아/어/여 and 보다. -아/어/여 is the basic suffix used after verb stems, and 보다 means “to see”. The literal translation of -아/어/여 보다 is “to do something and see (what happens)”.
Nevertheless, this structure really does not have a specific meaning and is used simply to make sentences more natural. However, the most common translation of -아/어/여 보다 is “to try doing something”.
Conjugation
Verb stem + -아/어/여 보다
Examples
(1) 쓰다 = to use
→ 쓰 + -어 보다 = 써 보다 = to try using (something)
이거 써 봤어요?
= Have you tried using this? / Have you used this before?
(2) 들어가다 = to enter, to go in
→ 들어가 + -아 보다 = 들어가 보다 = to try going in
들어가 볼까요?
= Shall we try going in (and see what it is like)? / Shall we attempt to go in?
(3) 하다 = to do
→ 하 + -여 보다 = 해 보다 = to try doing (something)
이거 해 보고 싶어요.
= I want to try doing this. / I want to give it a try.
Fixed expressions and verbs containing -아/어/여 보다
Since -아/어/여 보다 is a frequently used structure, some verb are more common in the -아/어/여 보다 structure than others, and other verbs are actually already in the form of -아/어/여 보다. For some structures, -아/어/여 보다 is already a part of some verbs, so the space between -아/어/여 and 보다 is not necessary.
- 물어보다 vs 물어 보다
- 물어보다 = to ask; to try asking
- 물어 보다 (x) - 알아보다 vs 알아 보다
- 알아보다 = to look into something; to recognize
- 알아 보다 (x) - 지켜보다 vs 지켜 보다
- 지켜보다 = to keep a watchful eye on someone/something
- 지켜 보다 (x)
Sample Sentences
이거 먹어 봐요.
= Try eating this. / Try some of this.
저도 거기 안 가 봤어요.
= I have not been there yet, either. / I have not tried going there, either.
제가 먼저 해 볼게요.
= I will try doing it first. / I will give it a try first.
누구한테 물어볼까요?
= Whom shall I ask?
제가 알아볼게요.
= I will look into it.
Lesson 13. Word builder 4 / 불(不)
부/불, which is written as 不 in Hanja, is the foundation for many useful words which are used every single day in Korean conversations.
부/불 (不) means “not” in English.
Sample Expressions
불 (not) + 안 (comfortable; relaxed) = 불안 不安 = anxiety; anxious
Ex)
불안해하지 마세요.
= Do not be anxious.
불 (not) + 편 (comfortable; convenient) = 불편 不便 = inconvenient; uncomfortable
Ex)
불편해요.
= It is inconvenient. / It is uncomfortable.
불 (not) + 완전 (complete) = 불완전 不完全 = incomplete
Ex)
불완전한 정보
= incomplete information
불 (not) + 균형 (balance) = 불균형 不均衡 = imbalance
Ex)
성비 불균형
= gender ratio imbalance
불 (not) + 만 (full) = 불만 不滿 = complaint
Ex)
저한테 불만 있어요?
= Do you have any complaints against me?
不 (불) is pronounced and written as 부 when the consonant that follows is either ㄷ or ㅈ.
Sample Expressions
부 (not) + 정확 (correct) = 부정확 不正確 = incorrect; inaccurate
Ex)
부정확한 발음
= inaccurate pronunciation
부 (not) + 주의 (attention) = 부주의 不注意 = carelessness
Ex)
제 부주의로 사고가 났어요.
= I was careless, so it caused an accident. / My carelessness caused an accident.
부 (not) + 당 (correct, right) = 부당 不當 = wrong; unfair; unjust
Ex)
부당한 일을 당했어요.
= Someone did something unfair to me.
부 (not) + 적절 (proper) = 부적절 不適切 = inappropriate
Ex)
부적절한 예문
= inappropriate example sentence
- Note
When 부 is understood as 副, it means “assistant”, “deputy”, or “vice” as in “vice president”.
Lesson 14. Sometimes, Often, Always, Never, Seldom / 가끔, 자주, 별로, 맨날, 항상
To form a sentence which uses adverbs of frequency (빈도 부사) in Korean - such as “seldom”, “almost”, or “always” - it is important to not just memorize the words, but to also actually practice using them along with the verbs used in conjunction with 빈도 부사.
Take a look at some 빈도 부사 in Korean:
- 가끔 = sometimes
- 자주 = often
- 항상 = always [more common in written language]
- 맨날 = (lit. every day), always; all the time [more common in spoken language]
- 별로 = seldom; rarely
- 전혀 = not at all
- 거의 = almost (but) not at all
Where do 빈도 부사 fit in a sentence?
These 빈도 부사 usually go right before the verb of a sentence, but unlike in English, their position is very flexible. As long as the meaning of your sentence is clear, it does not matter where they are placed. You can, however, emphasize a certain part of a sentence by changing the word order and intonation.
Sample Sentences
가끔 서점에 가요.
= I sometimes go to the bookstore.
= 서점에 가끔 가요. (The speaker might be emphasizing 가끔 here.)
자주 한국 영화 봐요.
= I often watch Korean movies.
= 한국 영화 자주 봐요. (The speaker might be emphasizing 자주 here.)
그런 말 정말 자주 들어요.
= I hear that really often.
= I get that really often.
항상 물어보고 싶었어요.
= I have always wanted to ask you (that).
중국어를 맨날 공부하는데, 아직 어려워요.
= I study Chinese all the time, but it is still difficult.
요즘에는 운동을 별로 안 해요.
= I rarely work out these days.
= These days, I seldom work out.
= These days, I do not work out that often.
화장을 전혀 안 해요.
= I do not put on makeup at all.
= I never put on makeup.
= I do not put on any makeup at all.
시간이 없어서, 친구들을 거의 못 만나요.
= I do not have time, so I can hardly meet my friends.
라디오를 거의 맨날 들어요.
= I listen to the radio almost every day.
Lesson 15. Any / 아무 (part 2)
In Lesson 11 of this level, you were already introduced to some expressions relating to 아무, which included: 아무나 (anybody), 아무거나 (anything), 아무 데나 (anywhere), 아무도 (nobody), 아무것도 (nothing), and 아무 데도(nowhere). Building upon that knowledge, you will now learn a few more expressions which are related to 아무 in this lesson.
- 아무 때나
= just anytime; anytime
= 아무 (any) + 때 (moment, time) + -나
Ex)
아무 때나 한국어 공부할 수 있어요. = You can study Korean anytime.
- 아무 말도 / 아무 이야기도
= no word; no mention
= 아무 (any) + 말/이야기 (language/word) + -도 (even/also)
Ex)
아무 말도 하지 마세요. = Please do not say a word.
- 아무렇지도 않다
= to be alright; to be okay; to be unaffected by
= 아무 (any) + 그렇다 (to be so) + -지 않다 (to be not)
* This expression only works in a negative format.
Ex)
저는 아무렇지도 않아요. = I am okay.
- 아무한테도
= to nobody
= 아무 (anybody) + -한테 (to) + -도 (even/also)
Ex)
아무한테도 주지 말고 혼자 먹어요.
= Do not share this with anyone, and (only) eat it alone.
- 아무렇게나
= just in any way; however you like it
* Here, 아무렇게 is like an adverb, but it does not work independently. It ONLY works in this format.
Ex)
아무렇게나 하지 마세요.
= Please do not just do it any way you want.
- 아무(런) + noun + -도 + (없어요)
= there is no + noun (of any kind)
Ex)
아무(런) 소식도 없어요.
= There is no news (from them).
* If you are talking about news that you see on TV or in newspapers, it is 뉴스 in Korean. The news that you hear from your friends or family is 소식.
- Fixed expression
아무것도 아니에요. = It is nothing.
Lesson 16. Spacing in Korean / 띄어쓰기
When writing in Korean, in order to avoid unclear and confusing sentences, it is important to understand the use of spacing.
Spacing rules in Korean
Spacing (띄어쓰기) in Korean is similar to, but still very different from, English. In terms of words, independent words can be written separately (with a space between two words), but there are some cases in which you should NOT have a space between two words.
There should be a space between:
- an adjective and a noun
Ex)
예쁜 강아지 = a pretty puppy
부지런한 사람 = a hardworking person
- an adverb and a verb
Ex)
조용히 걷다 = to walk quietly
빨리 말하다 = to speak fast
- a noun (+ marker) and a verb
Ex)
이거(를) 샀어요. = I bought this.
그것(을) 만들었어요. = I made it.
- a noun and another noun
Ex)
한국 여행 = trip to Korea
지갑 가격 = the price of a wallet
There is no space between:
- a noun/pronoun and a marker
Ex)
저 + 는 = 저는 = I + subject marker
저 + 를 = 저를 = I + object marker
- nouns in a proper name (if it has been decided that the name is to be in that format)
Ex)
한국관광공사 = Korea Tourism Organization
서울도시철도공사 = Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit
Exceptions
- Words which form fixed expressions can be written together without space.
Ex)
이 + 것 = 이 것 → 이것
* These two words are put together because they are commonly used together.
Ex)
여자 친구 = 여자친구
* 여자 친구 is the correct way to write “girlfriend”, but many people write it as a single word without a space since it is such a commonly used word. In fact, it is so common that quite often it is condensed simply to 여친 in casual scenarios (amongst younger speakers).
** This lack of spacing is commonly found in Sino-Korean words.
- Noun + 하다
- 공부(를) 하다 = 공부 하다 → 공부하다
- 운동(을) 하다 = 운동 하다 → 운동하다
- 청소(를) 하다 = 청소 하다 → 청소하다
Lesson 17. Word Contractions (part 1) / 주격 조사, 축약형
In the previous lesson, you just barely scratched the surface of spacing rules in Korean. By digging a bit deeper, you can learn about some more common word contractions.
Topic marker contractions
When topic markers are used after nouns and pronouns, sometimes they are shortened so people can speak faster.
- 저는 → 전 [polite]
Ex)
저는 괜찮아요. = I am alright. → 전 괜찮아요.
- 나는 → 난 [casual]
Ex)
나는 여기 있을게. = I will stay here. → 난 여기 있을게.
- 이것은 [very formal] → 이거는 [casual] → 이건 [casual]
Ex)
이것은 뭐예요? = What is this? → 이건 뭐예요?
- 서울에는 → 서울엔
Ex)
서울에는 왜 왔어요? = What brings you to Seoul? → 서울엔 왜 왔어요?
- 어제는 → 어젠
Ex)
어제는 왜 안 왔어요? = Why didn’t you come yesterday? → 어젠 왜 안 왔어요?
Subject marker contractions
When the subject marker -이 is used after 것, it is contracted to 게.
- 이것이 [formal] → 이게 [casual]
Ex)
이것이 좋아요. = This one is good. → 이게 좋아요.
- 저것이 [formal] → 저게 [casual]
Ex)
저것이 더 예뻐요. = That (over there) is prettier. → 저게 더 예뻐요.
- 그것이 [formal] → 그게 [casual]
Ex)
그것이 어디 있어요? = Where is it? → 그게 어디 있어요?
- You can use these shortened forms anytime except in extremely formal situations.
Sample Sentences
전 학생이에요.
= I am a student.
이건 제 거예요.
= This is mine.
서울엔 눈이 오고 있어요.
= (Well, in other areas I do not know, but) As far as Seoul is concerned, it is snowing.
어젠 뭐 했어요?
= What did you do yesterday?
저게 편해요.
=That is convenient. / There are no other things as convenient as that one.
저는 그게 없어요.
= I do not have it.
Lesson 18. Most, Best (superlative) / 최상급, 최고
Most (+ adjective/adverb) = 제일 / 가장
In English, the words “most” and “best” can be used as both adverbs and nouns. The usage you will look at in this lesson is its usage only as an adverb. (When “most” works as a noun, other Korean words are used, and they will be introduced in a future lesson.)
제일 and 가장 are almost the same thing and they can be used interchangeably. 제일 is Sino-Korean word while 가장 is a native Korean word.
Examples
(1)
예쁘다 = to be pretty
제일 예뻐요.
= (subject) is the prettiest/the most beautiful.
제일 예쁜 여자
= the prettiest girl/the most beautiful girl
제일 = 가장
제일 예뻐요 = 가장 예뻐요
제일 예쁜 여자 = 가장 예쁜 여자
- 제일 is used more commonly in spoken Korean than 가장.
(2) 좋다 = to be good 제일 좋아요. = (subject) is the best (most + good). 제일 좋은 것 = the best (most + good) thing
Sample Sentences
이게 제일 좋아요.
= This is the best (one).
제일 가까운 역이 어디에요?
= Where is the closest station?
어떤 색깔이 가장 좋아요?
= Which color is the best? / Which color is your favorite?
제일 먼저 온 사람이 누구예요?
= Who is the person that came here first?
요즘 가장 인기 있는 가수는 누구예요?
= These days, who is the most popular singer?
Lesson 19. Less, Not completely / 덜
In previous Talk To Me In Korean lessons, you learned how to say “more” and “most”. Do you remember? Yes? Great! This lesson will now teach you how to use “less” in Korean sentences to help you get your point across in a natural way.
덜 = less
While in English, the word “less” can be used as a noun as well as an adverb or adjective, the Korean word 덜 can only be used as an adverb (modifying verbs only).
Ex)
덜 먹다 = to eat (something) less
In English, when saying “to eat less”, it generally means that you are eating something, but you are eating less of that something. In Korean, however, the word 덜 is the object of the verb 먹다 which means that what you are actually doing is “less of the action” of 먹다. If you translate 덜 먹다 into “to eat less” in English, the word “less” becomes a noun, which is not accurate. If you translate 덜 먹다 to “to eat (something) less”, it becomes closer to the original meaning in Korean. If you are confused, do not worry! We will show you some examples.
Ex)
덜 쓰다 = to use (something) less
덜 춥다 = to be less cold
덜 비싸다 = to be less expensive
- Since verbs almost always come at the end of the sentences in Korean, the word 덜 comes before verbs.
Sample Sentences
어제보다 덜 추워요.
= It is less cold than yesterday.
덜 비싼 것 없어요?
= Don’t you have a less expensive one?
물은 더 마시고, 술은 덜 마셔야 돼요.
= (lit.) You should drink water more and alcohol less.
= You should drink more water and less alcohol.
덜 can also mean “not completely yet”.
덜 basically means “less”, but it can also mean “not fully” or “not completely yet”. The opposite of this is 다, which means “all” or “completely”.
Sample Conversations
A: 그 맥주 다 마셨어요?
= Did you drink all of that beer?
B: 아니요. 다 안 마셨어요. 덜 마셨어요.
= No, I did not drink all of it. I have not finished it yet.
A: 다 왔어요?
= Are we there yet?
B: 덜 왔어요.
= We are not there yet.
A: 제 책 돌려주세요.
= Give me my book back.
B: 아직 덜 봤어요.
= I have not finished it yet.
Lesson 20. Sentence Building Drill #1
Hooray! You have made it to the first lesson of the “Sentence Building Drill” series! You have been introduced to many grammatical points thus far, so it is high time to put that knowledge to good use by training yourself to make Korean sentences more comfortably.
In these “Sentence Building Drill” lessons, you will be introduced to THREE key sentences, then you will practice changing different parts of the sentences so that you do not end up just memorizing the same three sentences. The goal is to be as comfortable and as flexible as possible when making Korean sentences.
Key sentence (1)
오늘부터 한국어를 더 열심히 공부할 거예요.
= Starting from today, I am going to study Korean harder.
Key sentence (2)
아마 내일부터 일요일까지 비가 내릴 거예요.
= It will probably rain from tomorrow until Sunday.
Key sentence (3)
내일 시간이 있으면, 같이 커피 마실래요?
= If you have time tomorrow, will you drink coffee together (with me)?
Expansion & variation practice with key sentence (1)
Original sentence:
오늘부터 한국어를 더 열심히 공부할 거예요.
1. 오늘부터 = from today; starting from today 내일부터 = from tomorrow 지금부터 = from now on 언제부터? = since when?
2.
한국어를 공부할 거예요. = I am going to study Korean.
한국어를 연습할 거예요. = I am going to practice Korean.
한국어를 쓸 거예요. = I am going to use Korean.
한국어로* 말할 거예요. = I am going to talk in Korean.
* 한국어로 = in Korean
한국어를 배울 거예요. = I am going to learn Korean.
3.
열심히 공부할 거예요. = I am going to study hard.
열심히 일할 거예요. = I am going to work hard.
열심히 준비할 거예요. = I am going to prepare hard. / I am going to do my best with the preparation.
열심히 연습할 거예요. = I am going to practice hard.
4.
열심히 공부하다. = to study hard.
더 열심히 공부하다. = to study harder.
덜 열심히 공부하다. = to study less hard.
Expansion & variation practice with key sentence (2)
Original sentence:
아마 내일부터 일요일까지 비가 내릴 거예요.
1.
내일부터 일요일까지 = from tomorrow until Sunday
내일부터 모레까지 = from tomorrow until the day after tomorrow
어제부터 오늘까지 = from yesterday until today
지난주부터 다음 주까지 = from last week until next week
2.
비가 내릴 거예요. = It is going to rain.
비가 올 거예요. = It is going to rain.
눈이 내릴 거예요. = It is going to snow.
눈이 올 거예요. = It is going to snow.
비가 *그칠 거예요. = It is going to stop raining.
* 그치다 = to stop
눈이 그칠 거예요. = It is going to stop snowing.
비가 많이 내릴 거예요. = It is going to rain a lot.
눈이 많이 내릴 거예요. = It is going to snow a lot.
3. 아마 비가 내릴 거예요. = It will probably rain. 분명히 비가 내릴 거예요. = It will certainly rain. 어쩌면 비가 내릴지도 몰라요. = Maybe it might rain. 어쩌면 비가 내릴 수도 있어요. = Maybe it could rain.
Expansion & variation practice with key sentence (3)
Original sentence:
내일 시간이 있으면, 같이 커피 마실래요?
1. 시간이 있으면 = if you have time 시간이 없으면 = if you do not have time 시간이 *많이 있으면 = if you have a lot of time * 많이 is an adverb that describes 있다. 시간이 *많으면 = if you have a lot of time * 많다 here is used as a verb. 시간이 조금 밖에 없으면 = if you have only a little bit of time 시간이 전혀 없으면 = if you have no time at all
2.
내일 시간이 있으면 = if you have time tomorrow
오늘 시간이 있으면 = if you have time today
주말에 시간이 있으면 = if you have time on the weekend
다음 주에 시간이 있으면 = if you have time next week
이번 달에 시간이 있으면 = if you have time this month
3.
커피 마실래요? = Do you want to drink coffee? / Shall we drink coffee?
뭐 마실래요? = What do you want to drink? / What shall we drink?
어떤 거 마실래요? = What (kind of drink) do you want to drink?
어디에서 마실래요? = Where do you want to drink (something)?
4.
같이 커피 마실래요? = Do you want to drink coffee together?
저랑 커피 마실래요? = Do you want to drink coffee with me?
저랑 같이 커피 마실래요? = Do you want to drink coffee together with me?
다 같이 커피 마실래요? = Do you want to drink coffee with everyone?
Lesson 21. Spacing (part 2) / 띄어쓰기
In Level 4 Lesson 16, you looked at the basic spacing rules when it comes to writing in Korean. You learned that independent words are written separately with a space between them, but there is no space between a noun, or a pronoun, and a marker. You also learned that certain words are used together so often that they are used and considered as just one independent word. In this lesson, you will learn more words that, over time, formed new meanings and are now being used as independent words. These words generally have different meanings from the combination of the original meanings of the combined words.
- 돌려 주다 vs. 돌려주다
돌리다 = to turn; to revolve 돌려 주다 = to turn something for someone 돌려주다 = to return something; to give something back
- 돌아 가다 vs. 돌아가다
돌다 = to turn; to turn around 돌아 가다 = to detour; to go around the long way 돌아가다 = to return; to go back to some place
- 빌려 주다 vs. 빌려주다
빌리다 = to borrow 빌려 주다 = to borrow something (from someone else) for someone 빌려주다 = to lend something to someone
- 알아보다
알다 = to know 보다 = to see 알아보다 = to recognize something/someone; to look into something 알아 보다 does not exist.
- 나오다/나가다
나다 = to be born; to get out; to be out of (not commonly used on its own) 오다 = to come 가다 = to go 나오다 = to come outside * 나 does not have much meaning on its own; therefore, a space between 나 and 오다 is not possible. 나가다 = to go outside
- 들어오다/들어가다
들다 = to get in; to be in; to get into (not commonly used on its own) 오다 = to come 가다 = to go 들어오다 = to come inside 들어가다 = to go inside
Sample Sentences
열쇠 돌려주세요.
= Please give me back the key.
언제 돌아갈 거예요?
= When will you go back?
돈 좀 빌려줄 수 있어요?
= Can you lend me some money?
한눈에 알아봤어요.
= I recognized it at once.
나가!
= Get out of here!
들어오세요.
= Please come inside.
Lesson 22. Word builder 5 / 장(場)
The word element 장 is written as 場 in Hanja, and is fundamentally translated to English as “yard”, “place”, or “location”. Now you can jump right into this lesson and start building some new words!
Sample Expressions
장 (yard/garden) + 소 (spot) = 장소 場所 = place; venue
Ex)
시간, 날짜, 장소
= time, date, place
운동 (exercise) + 장 (yard) = 운동장 運動場 = schoolyard; playground
Ex)
어렸을 때 운동장에 나가는 거 굉장히 싫어했어요.
= As a child, I really hated going out to the schoolyard.
주 (to stay) + 차 (car) + 장 (place) = 주차장 駐車場 = parking lot
Ex)
주차장에 주차하세요.
= Please park (your car) in the parking lot.
장 (place) + 면 (aspect/surface) = 장면 場面 = scene
Ex)
이 영화에서 제일 좋아하는 장면이 뭐예요?
= What is your favorite scene from this movie?
시 (city) + 장 (place) = 시장 市場 = marketplace
Ex)
지금 시장 갈 거예요.
= I am going to the marketplace now.
목 (to grow) + 장 (yard) = 목장 牧場 = farm; ranch
Ex)
목장에서 갓 짠 우유 마셔 봤어요?
= Have you ever had milk straight from a cow on the farm?
수영 (swimming) + 장 (place) = 수영장 水泳場 = swimming pool = 풀장
Ex)
수영장에 일주일에 세 번 가요.
= I go to the swimming pool three times a week.
예 (courtesy, etiquette) + 식 (ritual) + 장 (place) = 예식장 禮式場 = wedding hall
Ex)
예식장이 어디예요?
= Where is the wedding hall?
Alright! You have only learned everyday vocabulary until this point. Now, take a giant leap and take a look at some more academic words by learning a couple of scientific terms!
- 자 (magnetic) + 기 (energy) + 장 (field) = 자기장 磁氣場 = magnetic field
- 중 (heavy) + 력 (force) + 장 (field) = 중력장 重力場 = gravity field
Lesson 23. Word Contractions (part 2)
In Level 4 Lesson 17, you learned one aspect of common word contractions in Korean: how the subject markers are contracted to shorter forms and attached to the previous words.
Ex)
저는 → 전
이것은 → 이건
Now that you see it, you remember, right? Perfect! Now you are ready to learn more word contractions in Korean!
First off, do you remember how to say “this”, “that”, and “it” in Korean?
For “this/the/that + noun”, the words 이, 그, and 저 are used respectively.
이 책 = this book
그 가방 = the/that bag
저 자동차 = that car over there
When “this/it/that” are used as pronouns, the words 이것, 그것, and 저것 are used. The following are some expressions related to these words:
이렇다 = to be like this; to be this way 그렇다 = to be like that; to be that way 저렇다 = to be like that (over there); to be that way (over there)
If you want to use these as adverbs and say “like this”, “in this way”, or “in that way”, use:
이렇게 = like this, in this way 그렇게 = like that, in such a way 저렇게 = like that (over there)
Do you remember how to say “if” in Korean? It is “verb + -(으)면”. If you want to review, go back to Level 2 Lesson 23, Level 3 Lesson 15, or Level 4 Lesson 1.
So, how do you say “if you do it like this” in Korean?
이렇게 하면 = if you do it like this
그렇게 하면 = if you do it in such a way
저렇게 하면 = if you do it like that
When combining “이렇다” (to be like this) with -(으)면 (if) to say “if it is like this”, it creates 이러면 (the consonant ㅎ is dropped).
이렇다면 → 이러면
그렇다면 → 그러면
저렇다면 → 저러면
However, even when saying things such as “if you do it like this” using the verb 하다, it is also contracted to the same form.
이렇게 하면 → 이러면
그렇게 하면 → 그러면
저렇게 하면 → 저러면
Now you are ready to move on to something that is similar, but different in meaning. Do you remember how to say “how” in Korean? (We introduced this in Level 1 Lesson 24.)
어떻게
When 어떻게 is combined with the 하다 verb, a contraction happens that is similar to the previous structure.
어떻게 하다 → 어떡하다 (more common in spoken Korean)
Ex) (1) 어떻게 해요? = 어떡해요? = What are we supposed to do? = How should we deal with this?
(2) 어떻게 할 거예요? = 어떡할 거예요? = What are you going to do? = How are you going to take care of this?
어떡할 거예요? can be contracted down even further into 어쩔 거예요?
Ex) (1) 이거 어떡할 거예요? = 이거 어쩔 거예요? = How are you going to take care of this? = What are you going to do about this?
(2) 이제 어떡할 거예요? = 이제 어쩔 거예요? = Now what? = How are you going to take care of it now?
Lesson 24. Much (more), Much (less) / 훨씬
In Level 2 Lesson 21 and Level 2 Lesson 29, you learned how to say “more”, and also how to say that something is “more + adjective + than something”. In this lesson, you will learn how to say “much more/less + adjective + than something”.
Although the Korean word for “much” (adverb) is 많이, in this case, a different word is needed: 훨씬.
Meaning
훨씬 = much (more), far (more), etc
Ex)
멋있다 = to be cool; to be stylish
더 멋있다 = to be cooler; to be more stylish
훨씬 더 멋있다 = to be much cooler; to be much more stylish
Sample Sentences
이게 훨씬 더 좋아요.
= This is much better.
서울에서 도쿄까지보다, 서울에서 뉴욕까지가 훨씬 더 멀어요.
= From Seoul to New York is much farther away than from Seoul to Tokyo.
일본어보다 한국어가 훨씬 더 쉬워요.
= 한국어가 일본어보다 훨씬 더 쉬워요.
= Korean is much easier than Japanese.
훨씬 is the “much” in the phrase “much more”, but when using 훨씬, people will already know that you are making a comparison; therefore, sometimes when you want to say “much more + adjective/adverb”, the word 더 can be dropped from 훨씬 더.
- However, you cannot drop 덜 from 훨씬 덜, which means “much less + adjective/adverb”.
Ex)
훨씬 더 좋아요. = 훨씬 좋아요.
훨씬 더 재미있어요. = 훨씬 재미있어요.
Examples of using 훨씬 with 덜.
- Go back to Level 4 Lesson 19 if you want to review on 덜.
덜 = less
비싸다 = to be expensive
덜 비싸다 = to be less expensive
훨씬 덜 비싸다 = to be much less expensive
가깝다 = to be near
덜 가깝다 = to be less near
훨씬 덜 가깝다 = to be much less near
Lesson 25. -(으)ㄹ + noun (future tense noun group) / -(으)ㄹ + 명사, 할 것
There has never been a better time to start learning how to create and use future tense noun groups than right now!
-(으)ㄹ + noun
The usages of this verb ending can be best explained through examples, but fundamentally, “verb stem + -(으)ㄹ” expresses the adjective form of a verb in the future tense.
Ex)
(1)
읽다 = to read → 읽 + -(으)ㄹ = 읽을
→ 읽을 책 = a book which (someone) will read; a book to read
(2)
초대하다 = to invite → 초대하 + -(으)ㄹ = 초대할
→ 초대할 사람 = a person that (someone) will invite; a person to invite
(3)
보내다 = to send → 보내 + -(으)ㄹ = 보낼
→ 보낼 편지 = a letter that (someone) will send, a letter to send
All of the examples above were in the “verb stem + -(으)ㄹ + noun” form.
When the word 것 (which means “thing” or “the fact”) is used rather than a specific noun, the noun group can mean “something to + verb”.
Ex)
(1)
먹다 = to eat→ 먹 + -(으)ㄹ = 먹을
→ 먹을 것 = something to eat = food
* 먹을 것 directly translates to “something to eat” or “thing(s) I will eat”, but over the course of time, it has gained the meaning of “food”.
(2)
타다 = to ride → 타 + -(으)ㄹ = 탈
→ 탈 것 = something to ride = vehicle
* 탈 것 directly translates to “something that I will ride” or “a thing that I will ride”, but colloquially, it means “vehicle”.
(3)
마시다 = to drink → 마시 + -(으)ㄹ = 마실
→ 마실 것 = something to drink = beverages
Now, do you recognize the ending -(으)ㄹ 거예요 from the lesson on future tense (Level 2 Lesson 1)? In future tense, add -(으)ㄹ 거예요 after a verb stem.
-(으)ㄹ 것 + 이에요 = -(으)ㄹ 것이에요 → -(으)ㄹ 거예요
Since the future tense stems from -(으)ㄹ 것, a Korean sentence like this can be translated in two different ways.
Ex) 이거 누가 먹을 거예요?
If you think of this sentence as “누가 먹다 (who + eat) + future tense”, it will be translated as “who will eat this?” If you think of it as “누가 먹을 거 (who + will + eat + thing) + to be”, it will be translated as “this thing, who will eat it?”
Sample Sentences
내일 할 일이 많아요.
= I have a lot (of work) to do tomorrow.
= There is a lot of stuff that I will do tomorrow.
지금은 할 이야기가 없어요.
= Right now, I have nothing to say.
= For now, there is nothing I will say.
냉장고에 먹을 것이 전혀 없어요.
= In the refrigerator, there is not any food at all.
Lesson 26. -(으)ㄴ + noun (past tense noun group) / -(으)ㄴ + 명사, 한 것
If you are studying these lessons in order, you just learned about “future tense noun groups” in the previous lesson. So, what better way to continue your studies than to now learn about past tense noun groups!
-(으)ㄴ + noun
The noun in this structure can either be the subject or the object of the verb. Thus, it is really important that you understand the context to figure out which one it is, but basically it means “something that someone did…”.
Examples
- 보다 = to watch; to see → 보 + -(으)ㄴ = 본
→ 어제 본 영화 = the movie that I saw yesterday - 오다 = to come → 오 + -(으)ㄴ = 온
→ 어제 온 사람들 = the people who came yesterday - 말하다 = to say; to talk about → 말하 + -(으)ㄴ = 말한
→ 친구가 말한 카페 = the cafe that a friend talked about
Sample Sentences
어제 본 영화 어땠어요?
= How was the movie that you saw yesterday?
새로 이사 간 집은 어때요?
= How is your new house that you moved to?
오늘 배운 내용 복습하세요.
= Please review what you learned today.
Now, take a moment to compare a few different tenses for noun groups using what you have already learned from previous lessons.
Examples
- 보다 = to watch; to read; to see
Present tense noun group: 보는 + noun
Past tense noun group: 본 + noun
Future tense noun group: 볼 + noun
제가 보는 책이에요.
= It is a book that I am reading.
제가 본 책이에요.
= It is a book that I have read.
제가 볼 책이에요.
= It is a book that I will read.
- 공부하다 = to study
Present tense noun group: 공부하는 + noun
Past tense noun group: 공부한 + noun
Future tense noun group: 공부할 + noun
요즘 공부하는 외국어예요.
= It is a foreign language that I am studying these days.
어제 공부한 외국어예요.
= It is a foreign language that I studied yesterday.
내일 공부할 외국어예요.
= It is a foreign language that I will study tomorrow.
Lesson 27. I think … (+ future tense) / -(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ/ㄴ 것 같다, 한 것 같다, 할 것 같다
The Korean verb for “to think” is 생각하다, but it is not commonly used to say “I think that…” in Korean. This is mainly because many Korean people think that this is too direct to say it in such a way. Instead, it is preferred to say “I think that…” using the following expression:
… 것 + 같다 ’giống như’
같다 on its own means “to be the same,” but when it is used with other nouns, it means “it is like …”
Ex)
학생 같아요.
= You are like a student. / You look like a student.
저 사람 한국 사람 같아요.
= He looks like a Korean person. / He is like a Korean.
In order to say “I think that…”, what you need to do is know how to say that “something seems like” in combination with a “sentence”.
Do you remember how to make noun groups for various tenses?
Past tense: -(으)ㄴ 것
Present tense: -는 것
Future tense: -(으)ㄹ 것
After that, you just add 같다 in order to express “I think that…”
Past tense: -(으)ㄴ 것 같다
Present tense: -는 것 같다
Future tense: -(으)ㄹ 것 같다
Ex)
하다 = to do
Past tense: 한 것 같다
Present tense: 하는 것 같다
Future tense: 할 것 같다
벌써 한 것 같아요. = I think (someone) already did it. 지금 하는 것 같아요. = I think (someone) does/is doing it now. 내일 할 것 같아요. = I think (someone) will do it tomorrow.
Sample Sentences
내일 비 올 것 같아요.
= I think it will rain tomorrow.
이게 더 좋은 것 같아요.
= I think this is better.
이거 뭐인 것 같아요?
= What do you think this is?
누가 한 것 같아요?
= Who do you think did it?
곧 도착할 것 같아요.
= I think I will arrive soon.
While making sentences and hearing other people speak, you may notice that there are other ways to express “I think” in Korean besides - 것 같다. These will be covered in future lessons, but until then, you can practice using - 것 같다!
Lesson 28. To become + adjective / -아/어/여지다
In Korean, the most basic and common way to say “to become + adjective” is:
-아/어/여지다
Since all Korean adjectives are found in the dictionary in the infinitive form (-다), in order to say “to become + adjective”, you need to know the infinitive form of the adjective.
Ex)
예쁘다 = to be pretty
예쁘 + -어지다 = 예뻐지다 = to become pretty
작다 = to be small
작 + -아지다 = 작아지다 = to become small
이상하다 = to be strange
이상하 + -여지다 = 이상해지다 = to become strange
재미있다 = to be interesting, to be fun
재미있 + -어지다 = 재미있어지다 = to become interesting
If you want to say “to become + more + adjective” in Korean, add “더” before the adjective.
Ex) 더 예뻐지다 = to become prettier 더 작아지다 = to become smaller 더 이상해지다 = to become stranger 더 재미있어지다 = to become more interesting
Sample Sentences
날씨가 따뜻해졌어요.
= The weather has become warm.
컴퓨터가 빨라졌어요.
= The computer has become fast.
한국어 공부가 재미있어졌어요.
= Studying Korean has become fun.
줄이 길어졌어요.
= The line has become long.
내일 다시 추워질 거예요.
= It will become cold again tomorrow.
