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Osteology > Trunk - Week 4 > Flashcards

Trunk - Week 4 Flashcards

Vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum

1
Q

what plane does the axial skeleton occupy?

A
  • median sagittal plane
  • includes: skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
  • unique to vertebrates
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2
Q

what are the types of vertebrae and how many are there in each type?

A
  • cervical (C) - 7
  • thoracic (T) - 12
  • lumbar (L) - 5
  • sacral (S) - 5 (fused in adulthood)
  • coccygeal (Co) - 3 - 5 (variably fused)
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3
Q

primary curve in the thoracic vertebrae

A

kyphosis
- original curving in utero
- around 1 y/o (walking age) kyphosis develops into a secondary curve of lordosis

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4
Q

secondary curve in the lumbar vertebrae

A

lordosis

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5
Q

what are the soft tissue structures in the vertebral column?

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
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6
Q

what are the three primary centers of ossification?

A
  • centrum
  • right half of the neural arch
  • left half of the neural arch
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7
Q

what are the five secondary centers of ossification?

A
  • ring-like apophyses on superior and inferior margins of the centrum
  • tip of each of the transverse and spinous processes
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8
Q

atlas

A
  • C1
  • bears the whole skull and articulates with the occipital at the occipital condyle - atlanto-occipital joint
  • curved like a bowl
  • large foramen for vertebral canal
  • no vertebral body
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9
Q

axis

A
  • C2
  • allows head to turn from side to side
  • articular processes are facing sideways
  • dens sticks out
  • lacks a typical process
  • articular process faces sideways
  • atlanto-axial joint
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10
Q

joint that articulates with the atlas and occipital bone

A

atlanto-occipital joint

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11
Q

joint that articulates with the atlas and axis

A

atlanto-axial joint

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12
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • typically 7, 8 is rare
  • invariant with other vertebrates having the same amount
  • top and bottom of the body is curved like a bowl
  • articular processes are smooth
  • slopes inferiorly
  • spinous processes is bifid
  • dead giveaway: transverse formamen
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13
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • typically 12 and occasionally 13
  • defined by how many ribs you have, which is why you could have 13
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14
Q

sacrum

A
  • 5 fused
  • fuses in adulthood
  • articulates with pelvic girdle in the appendicular skeleton
  • responsible for transmitting weight to the lower limbs
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15
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • found between vertebrae
  • has a gel-like cap in the middle called the nucleus pulposus, which is shock bearing. this is what causes a slipped disc when this gets squished and herniated
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16
Q

vertebral arch

A

neural arch

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17
Q

transverse foramen

A
  • found in the cervical vertebrae
  • transmits the vertebral artery to bring blood to the brain
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18
Q

C7

A
  • vertebra prominens
  • no bifid appearance
  • flat inferior surface
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19
Q

costal elements

A
  • anterior
  • analogous with the ribs
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20
Q

T1

A
  • articulates with C7
  • costal faucet is a complete circle
  • demi-faucet on the bottom is a half-circle
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21
Q

T2 - T9

A
  • relative size of vertebral body
  • spinal processes start to angle downwards more and more
  • lamina get larger
  • two demi-faucets
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22
Q

T10

A
  • body is large, vertebral canal is small
  • very different spinal process
  • complete or nearly complete faucet with no demi-faucet underneath
  • transverse facet not present on any other thoracic vertebrae
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23
Q

T11

A
  • end of the ribcage - floating ribs articulate
  • complete faucet
  • no faucet on transverse process
  • large vertebral body and small canal
  • much smaller transverse process
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24
Q

T12

A
  • single faucet on body
  • no transverse process
  • large spinous process
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25
Q

L1 - L5

A
  • cannot distinguish from one another
  • large bodies
  • transverse processes
  • superior articular faucet
  • no costal facet
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26
Q

label

A
  1. sacral plateau
  2. ala
  3. transverse lines
  4. articulation w/ coccyx
  5. sacral foramina
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27
Q

label

A
  1. superior articular facets
  2. median crest
  3. dorsal wall
28
Q

what is the function of the ribs?

A
  • protect thoracic viscera
  • mechanical framework for respiration
29
Q

true ribs

A
  • sternal ribs
  • ribs 1 - 7
30
Q

false ribs

A
  • common cartilage
  • ribs 8 - 10
31
Q

floating ribs

A
  • no distal articulation
  • ribs 11 - 12
32
Q

label the parts of a “typical” rib

A
  1. tubercle with facet
  2. head with 2 demi-facets
  3. neck
  4. costal groove
  5. sternal end
  6. shaft
  7. angle
33
Q

characteristics of rib 1

A
  • short, flat, and curved
  • scaline tubercle
  • subclavian groove
  • has two shallow grooves that contain the subclavian artery and subclavian vein
34
Q

characteristics of rib 2

A
  • tuberosity for serratus anterior
  • weak costal groove
  • long neck
  • curved and short
35
Q

characteristics of rib 2

A
  • tuberosity for serratus anterior
  • weak costal groove
  • long neck
  • curved and short
36
Q

characteristics of ribs 3 - 9

A
  • two demi-facets with a crest between them
  • neck is not extended
  • oval-shaped sternal end
  • strong expression of costal groove
37
Q

characteristics of rib 10

A
  • attaches to T10
  • sternal end is round
  • short neck
38
Q

characteristics of rib 11

A
  • no tuberacle
  • single facet
  • taper at sternal end
  • pointed and not pitted
39
Q

characteristics of rib 12

A
  • no tuberacle
  • single facet
  • taper at sternal end
  • pointed and not pitted
  • maybe shorter than rib 1
40
Q

how do the ribs function respiration?

A
  • diaphragm forms a dome and the dome descends up and down
  • volume of thoracic cavity changes when air comes in and out, which changes atmospheric pressure
  • scalene muscles contract to raise ribs up to bring air in
  • sternum is also raised up to let air in
  • costal vertebral joints are mobile and allow rib movement
41
Q

label the parts

A
  1. jugular notch
  2. first costal notch
  3. costal notches
  4. sternal angle (second costal notch)
  5. clavicular notch
42
Q

manubrium

A
  • top part of the sternum
  • largest and thickest of the sternal elements
  • widest part of the bone
43
Q

xiphoid process

A

inferior tip of the sternum
- seventh costal notch
- highly variable element

44
Q

gladiolus

A

body of the sternum

45
Q

what is the composition of bone?

A
  • 10% water
  • 25% organic
  • 65% mineral
46
Q

what is the mineral composition in bone?

A
  • hydroxyapatite, which includes calcium and phosphorous
47
Q

noncollagenous proteins (NCPs)

A
  • enzymes
  • messengers
  • structural proteins
  • transport proteins
48
Q

enzymes

A

produce chemical reactions and build things by reading DNA

49
Q

messengers

A

coordinate processes through signaling

50
Q

structural proteins

A

provide mechanical support

51
Q

transport proteins

A

bind to things in order to move them around

52
Q

what are the cortical bone types?

A

primary and secondary

53
Q

primary cortical bone

A
  • deposited on existing bone surface
  • circumferential lamellae
  • primary osteons
  • plexiform (in other vertebrates, not humans)
54
Q

secondary cortical bone

A
  • replaces bone on resorbed surfaces
  • haversian systems
55
Q

woven bone

A
  • embyologic
  • transient
  • poor structural organization
56
Q

lamellar bone

A
  • 3 - 7 micrometer unit layers
  • collagen orientation is nonrandom
  • forms slowly
57
Q

skeletal mass fraction of cortical and cancellous bone

A

80% cortical
20% cancellous

58
Q

skeletal surface of cortical and cancellous bone

A

33% cortical
67% cancellous

59
Q

soft tissue of cortical and cancellous bone

A

10% cortical
75% cancellous

60
Q

porosity of cortical and cancellous bone

A

low porosity in cortical
high porosity in cancellous

61
Q

bone envelopes

A
  • only appositional growth
  • all metabolic activity at surfaces
62
Q

what percentage on adult bone surfaces does periosteal, endosteal, osteonal, trabecular make up?

A

4.4% periostal
4.4% endosteal
30.4 osteonal
60.8 trabecular

63
Q

label

A
  1. concentric lamellae
  2. interstitial lamellae
  3. circumferential lamellae
64
Q

cortical bone

A

the solid, dense bone found in the walls of bone shafts and on external bone surfaces

65
Q

cancellous bone

A
  • also called trabecular
  • spongy, porous, and lightweight

Osteology (11 decks)

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