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Osteology > The Skull - Week 1 > Flashcards

The Skull - Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

skull

A

cranium and mandible

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2
Q

cranium

A

no mandible

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3
Q

calotte

A

superior portion of the braincase

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4
Q

calvarium

A

calotte with cranial base but no face

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5
Q

neurocranium

A

top of the frontal bone to the lambdoidal suture

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6
Q

viscerocranium

A
  • spanktocranium and facial skeleton
  • facial features of the cranium
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7
Q

basicranium

A

base of the cranium that also contains the bones of the occipital

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8
Q

ectocranium

A

outside of the cranium

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9
Q

endocranium

A

inside of the cranium

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10
Q

how many bones in the skull are there?

A

28

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11
Q

how many bones of the skull are midline? how many are paired?

A

6 midline, 9 (22) paired

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12
Q

what are the midline bones of the skull?

A
  • mandible
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • occipital
  • vomer
  • ethmoid
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13
Q

what are the paired bones of the skull?

A
  • parietals
  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • maxillae
  • nasals
  • lacrimals
  • palatine
  • inferior nasal conchae
  • ear ossicles
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14
Q

what are the three ear ossicles?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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15
Q

what are the key features of the frontal bone?

A
  • frontal eminences/bosses
  • horizontal portion
  • zygomatic processes
  • coronal suture
  • temporal lines
  • supraorbital margin - notch/foramen
  • frontal sinuses
  • ethmoidal notch
    frontal crest
  • sagittal sulcus
  • meningeal grooves
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16
Q

what are the key features of the parietals?

A
  • sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamosal sutures
  • temporal lines
  • parietal boss
  • parietal striae
  • parietal foramen
  • sagittal sulcus
  • sigmoid sulcus
  • meningeal grooves
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17
Q

what are the key features of the temporals?

A
  • squamous portion
  • zygomatic process
  • mastoid process
  • mastoid air cells
  • styloid process
  • petrous portion
  • external auditory meatus
  • internal auditory meatus
  • cartoid canal
  • glenoid fossa
  • middle meningeal grooves
  • squamosal suture
  • parietal notch
  • temporomandibular joint
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18
Q

key features of the occipital

A
  • squamous portion
  • external occipital protuberance
  • nuchal lines
  • lambdoidal suture
  • basilar portion
  • foramen magnum
  • occipital condyles
  • hypoglossal canal
  • condylar canal
  • cruciform eminence
  • internal occipital protuberance
  • sagittal sulcus
  • transverse sulcus
  • cerebral fossae (inferior and superior)
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19
Q

what are the key features of the sphenoid?

A
  • center of the cranium
  • wedge like with lots of articulations
  • body: sinuses
  • greater wing: foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
  • lesser wing: optic canal, superior orbital fissure
  • sella turcica: pituitary fossa, dorsum sellae, and clinoid processes
  • pterygoid processes: lateral plate, medial plate
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20
Q

what are the key features of zygomatics?

A
  • frontal process
  • temporal process
  • maxillary process
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21
Q

what are the key features of maxillae?

A
  • alveolar process
  • zygomatic process
  • frontal process
  • anterior lacrimal crest
  • infraorbital foramen
  • canine jugum
  • canine fossa
  • anterior nasal spine
  • maxillary sinus
22
Q

what are the key features of the palatines?

A
  • horizontal plate - posterior nasal spine
  • perpendicular plate
  • pyramidal process and conchal crest
23
Q

what are the key features of the ethmoid?

A
  • cribriform plate
  • perpendicular plate
  • lateral masses - superior and middle nasal conchae
24
Q

what bones make up the eye orbits?

A

frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine

25
Q

what are the key features of the nasals?

A

nasal foramen

26
Q

what are the key features of the vomer?

A
  • perpendicular plate
  • wings
27
Q

what are the key features of the mandible?

A
  • ramus - condyle and coronoid process
  • corpus - alveolar process and alveoli
  • gonial angle - masseteric tuberosity
  • oblique line
  • extramolar sulcus
  • mental foramen
  • mental eminence/protuberance
  • mandibular foramen
  • mylohyoid groove
  • mylohyoid line - sublingual fossa and submandibular fossa
  • mental spines - digastric fossae
28
Q

what are the key features of the hyoid?

A
  • body, lesser horn, and greater horn
29
Q

endocranial cavity

A

the cranial fossae conform to the part of the brain and are influenced by attachments of dura mater

30
Q

what are the parts of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

31
Q

what are the cerebral lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

32
Q

where are the frontal lobes located?

A
  • anterior cranial fossa
33
Q

where are the temporal lobes located?

A

middle cranial fossa

34
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

posterior cranial fossa

35
Q

where are the olfactory nerves located?

A

on the cribiform plate of the ethmoid

36
Q

where are the pituitary and optic nerves

A

sella turcica

37
Q

where is the brainstem located?

A

on the midline region of occipital (and sphenoid) called clivus

38
Q

what are the components of bone?

A
  • 20% water
  • 35% organic (collagen)
  • 45% inorganic (hydroxyapatite)
  • bone is rigid and flexibility, lightweight support an strength
39
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • lay down new bone
  • deposit organic matrix of bone (osteoid)
40
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that have become trapped in osteoid

41
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • take away existing bone
  • resorb bone mineral
42
Q

primary osteon

A
  • initial areas of ossification
  • lamellar or woven bone
43
Q

secondary osteon

A
  • remodeling
  • replaces bone on resorbed surfaces
44
Q

what are the two types of bone development?

A

endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification

45
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • bone forms in a cartilage model
  • characteristic of long bones, vertebrae and ribs
  • uses hyaline cartilage as template for bone construction
  • more complex than intramembranous ossification
46
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  • bone forms within a membrane
  • characteristic of cranial vault and facial bones
47
Q

what is the endochondral bone formation process?

A
  • a simple cartilage model of the long bone forms from hyaline cartilage
  • osteoblasts lay down a bone (osteoid) collar around the shaft of the long bone
  • blood vessels invade the presumptive bone, allowing entrance of osteoblasts, which lay down osteoid on mineralized cartilage matrix
  • secondary ossification centers form at articulations and some muscles attachments
  • epiphyseal disks allow growth of bone at junction of diaphysis and epiphyses
  • fusion of epiphyses limits potential for increase in bone length
48
Q

palmar

A

relating to the palm of the hand

49
Q

plantar

A

relating to the sole of the foot

50
Q

sphenooccipital synchondrosis

A

the joint between the basal portions of the sphenoid and occipital bones in that portion of the skull base usually designated as the clivus

51
Q

glabella

A

the smooth part of the forehead above and between the eyebrows

Osteology (11 decks)

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