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Biology > Trimester 3 Exam > Flashcards

Trimester 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Mutations

A

changes in the genetic code; occurs during replication

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2
Q

Germ cell mutation:
May be…
Does not affect…

A

Going to affect gametes (occurs during meiosis)
Passed on to offspring (if used to produce offspring)
The parent individual in which it occurs

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3
Q

Somatic-Cell Mutation:
Is not…
But an individual may inherit…
Affects…

A

Affects the body cells and occurs during mitosis
passed on to offspring
inherit genetic susceptibility
the individual in which the mutation occurs

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4
Q 
Gene Mutations:
Point Mutations:
Substitution:
May still code for...
May also code for...
Which changes the proteins and may...
Ex.
A

Changes in a single gene or a series of related genes
change any single base/nucleotide
one nucleotide in a codon is replaced by different nucleotide
the same amino acid
a different amino acid
change the function and shape of the protein
sickle cell disease

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5
Q

Frame-Shift Mutations: the arrangement of nucleotide sequence into __________ is ___________ ; therefore each ________________ is changed from that point on
Deletion:
Insertion:

A

Codons; rearranged; amino acids
One nucleotide is removed
One nucleotide is added

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6
Q

Nondisjunction:
Resulting in one gamete receiving…
Ex.

A

The failure of homologous pairs of chromosomes to separate
An extra chromosome and one gamete lacking a chromosome
Down syndrome; Trisomy 21; Turners syndrome

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7
Q 
Cancer:
Tumor:
Benign:
Malignant:
Metastasis:
A

Abnormal alliteration of cells resulting from uncontrolled an abnormal cell division
Massive abnormal cells that do not spread to other tissue
Uncontrolled dividing cells that invade and destroy healthy tissue
Movement of cancer to other parts of the body

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8
Q 
Mutation may occur in genes that produce… 
Presence of oncogene: 
Carcinogenic:
a.
b.
c.
A

Regulatory proteins that controlled the events of cell division
Gene that can cause cancer; from mutation, may be inherited may/may not be turned on
Cancer-causing agent
Chemicals - tobacco products (smoke/chew); asbestos; benzene; red dye
Radiation - x-rays; UV sun
Intense Heat

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9
Q

Pedigree analysis/chart:

Generally follows the…

A

Illustration that shows the relationship with any family in the passing of genetics
Recessive traits

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10
Q

Contrast Types of Mutations (know them)

A

Germ cell; somatic cell; Gene; point; frameshift on deletion; insertion; substitution; and nondisjunction

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11
Q

Be able to contrast the terms associated with cancer

A

Tumor: Abnormal alliteration of cells resulting from uncontrolled an abnormal cell division
Benign: Massive abnormal cells that do not spread to other tissue
Malignant:Uncontrolled dividing cells that invade and destroy healthy tissue
Metastasis: Movement of cancer to other parts of the body

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12
Q

Explain how a frameshift mutation would occur and why the effects can be so damaging.

A

Frame-Shift Mutations: the arrangement of nucleotide sequence into __________ (codon) is ___________(rearranged) ; therefore each ________________ (a.a.) is changed from that point on
Deletion: one nucleotide is removed
Insertion: one nucleotide is added
Because it changes the structure of amino acids in the function which results in so doing the wrong function due to the wrong structure because of the frameshift losing its importance

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13
Q 
Structure of DNA
Chemical Compostion-
1.
2.
3.
a. Purines:
b. Pyrimidines:
A

P.A. Levine

  1. Sugar Deoxiribose
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogenous Base
    a. Purines: Adenine & Guanine - both have two carbon and nitrogen rings
    b. Pyrimadines: Thymine & cytosine - both have one carbon and nitrogen ring
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14
Q

Relative Quantities of Bases-
The amount of…
The amount of…
Therefore the charger rule states that…

A

Chargaff
A=T
G=C
Adenine pairs up with Thymine and Guanine pairs up with Cytosine

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15
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule-
Instrument used:
Determined the shape to be:
The images indicate that 2 strands of nucleotides exist, therefore:

A

Wilkins and Fraklin
X-Ray Photographs of DNA crystals
Helix
DNA is often called the double helix

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16
Q

The 2 strand/chains create a backbone and are composed of…

These nucleotides are held together by…

A

Alternating phosphate and sugar Deoxiribose

Covalently bonded relatively strong

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17
Q

The 2 strands or chains are held in the middle by…

These weak bonds allow…

A

Hydrogen bonds relatively weak

Separation of the chains for replication and transcription

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18
Q

Complementary base pairs
a.
b.

A

A w/ T 2 hydrogen bonds

G w/ C 3 hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Essential nature of DNA structure to the genetic instructions:

A

Are dependent upon the exact sequence of bases on each nucleotide chain

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20
Q

Replication:
Why is replication essential?
In what part of the cycle does this occur?

A

The process of copying DNA for cell division and occurs in the nucleus of the cell
So that every new cell has a complete set of Genetic instructions
S phase of interface

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21
Q 
Sequence of the steps
1. Separation of the two nucleotide chains at the replication origin.
Replication Fork:
Helicases:
How?
A

The point at which two chains separate
Specific enzymes that separate the nucleotide chains
By breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs

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22
Q

Action of DNA Polymerase: specific ___________ that binds to the…
Proofreading occurs by…

A

Enzyme; original/parent strand and assists in matching the new nucleotide chain
DNA Polymerase

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23
Q

Gene:

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.

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24
Q

RNA ( )
General role and significance of RNA
Location of genetic instructions (______):
Therefore the role of RNA is responsible for the…
Ex.

A

Ribose/Ribo nucleic acid
DNA; nucleus
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm (ER)
Movement of the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes
Original blueprint DNA copies in the field RNA

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25
Q 
Strands of RNA, sequence of...
Differences between DNA and RNA
a.
b.
c.
A

Nucleotides consisting of phosphate, sugar, and base
RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded
Sugar in RNA is ribose and DNA it is Deoxiribose
RNA contains base Uracil instead of Thymine

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26
Q

Types of RNA:
a.
b.
c.

A

Messenger RNA acquired the genetic instructions for protein for DNA and carries it to the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA the forms 2 subunits to create ribosomes globular instructions
Transfer RNA uniquely structured RNA (hairpin)that binds 2 specific amino acids and transfers to the ribosomes

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27
Q

Transcription:

Takes place in the nucleus

A

Process by which specific genetic instructions for a protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA

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28
Q

RNA polymerase primary transcription enzyme that…

A

Synthesizes makes messenger RNA

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29
Q

Protein Synthesis:
Significance of proteins amount and kind of proteins determine…
Therefore proteins carry out the…

A

Assembling/building proteins
The structure and function of cells
Genetic instructions of DNA

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30
Q

The genetic code:

A

The correlation exists between the nucleotide sequence from DNA to the nucleotides in mRNA leading to the amino acid sequence

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31
Q

Codon:

Maximum #

A

Group of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific animo acid
64

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32
Q

Translation:
Process begins by mRNA…
Amino acids in the ________ are transported by…
Possesses the __________:
Sequence of three…
Possesses a specialized region for attachment of a…

A

Process of assembling polypeptides/proteins from info covered by the mRNA (in ribosomes)
Leaving nucleus and going to the ribosomes
Cytoplasm; transfer RNA anticodon; nucleotides complementary to codon of mRNA

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33
Q

Levine
Wilkins and Franklin
Watson and Crick
Chargaff

A

Structure of DNA
Shape of the DNA molecule
Developing a model of DNA
Complementary base pairs

34
Q

What are building blocks of proteins? How are proteins important to living things?

A

Amino acids distinguished by codons which is distinguished by the genetic code and base pair orders.
Proteins are used to create new cells and the function is for different things such as muscle or brain.

35
Q

Heredity:
Genetics:

A

Passing of traits/characteristics from parents to offspring

The study of heredity

36
Q

Why was the garden pea plant a good choice for genetic study?

A

ASLARN
Availability and easy to cultivate
Size is small doesn’t take up much space
Large # of offspring
Ability to control pollination and fertilization
Rate of growth 2 months
Number of visible traits with 2 distinct forms

37
Q

Pollination:
Self Pollination:
Cross Polination:

A

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
Pollen transferred with in the same flower or another flower in the same plant: inherits all the same traits from single-parent
Pollen is transferred to different flowers on different plants and inherit traits from 2 different parents

38
Q

Allele:

Ex.

A

The different forms of a gene

Tall vs. Short; purple vs. White; round vs. wrinkled

39
Q

Principle of Dominance:

a. Dominant-
b. Recessive-

A

One factor in a pair for a particular trait can mask the expression of its contrasting form
Factor that prevents the expression of an alternative form; if it is present it will be expressed
Form of the trait that can be masked; must receive from two parents

40
Q

Genotype:
Phenotype:

A

Gene combination inherited by an organism can be expressed by a letters; largely determine the phenotype
Physical trait expressed as a result of a genotype

41
Q

Homozygous:
Dominant:
Recessive:

A

The alleles for a particular trait are the same
Both alleles are dominant
Bothe alleles are recessive

42
Q

Heterozygous:

A

The alleles for a particular trait are different

43
Q

Probability:
Forms of expression:
Application to genetics:

A

The likelihood that a particular event will occur
Ratio, fraction, percentage
To predict the likelihood of an individual inheriting a particular trait

44
Q

Know how to do Punnett square and Dihybrid cross all of those combos.

A

Know how to use

45
Q

Chromosomes:

A

Copy of genetic instructions

46
Q

Sex chromosomes:
Combinations
Autosomes:
Ex.

A

Determine the sex of an organism also carries genes for other characteristics
XY (male); XX (female)
all the other chromosomes besides the sex chromosomes
human 22 pairs

47
Q

Chromatid: Half of the chromosome consists of…
-DNA is copied before…
Centromere: constricted area of chromosome which is the…
Chromatin:

A

A complete copy of DNA
Cell division so that each new cell has a complete copy
Point of attachment for the sister chromatids and is important in cell division
The uncoiled for of DNA between cell division so that info can be used to direct cell activity

48
Q

Homologous chromosomes:

Homologous pairs of chromosomes:

A

Where one member of each pair is received from each parent

Same size shape type of gene like eye color and centromere position

49
Q

Haploid number/cell:
Types of cells:
Ex.

A

Cells having only one member of each homologous pair.
Sex cell
Egg, sperm gametes
Humans 23

50
Q

Diploid number/cell:
Types of cells include…
Ex.

A

Cells having bothe members of each homologous pairs of chromosomes
Somatic body cell
Skin cell human 46

51
Q

Mitosis:
Meiosis:
Jobs x3

A

Process of nuclear division resulting in new cells with genetic information of the cell
Nuclear division in the production of the sex cells or gametes reproduction province, genetic variety
Growth, replace, repair

52
Q 
The Cell Cycle:
Interphase:
Cell division:
a. Mitosis
b. Cytoknyseis
A 
Repeating set of events that make up the life of the cell
Time between cell divisions
(Mphase)
Mitosis 
Cytoknyseis - division of the cytoplasm
53
Q 
Interphase - represents...
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
G0 phase
A

Most of the lifetime of a cell G = Gap
G1: cells grow to there mature size; synthesize proteins and organelles
S: synthesis phase where DNA is replicated
G2: gap between DNA replication and cell division cell prepares for mitosis
G0: cells that have matured and carried out life processes
Nerve and liver don’t copy or divide

54
Q 
Stages of Mitosis
1
2
3
4
A 
PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
55
Q

Stages of Mitosis

Prophase:

A

Genetic material tightly coils from chromatin to chromosome
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles separate and spindle begins to form

56
Q

Stages of Mitosis

Metaphase:

A

Chromosomes line up on midline and attach spindle fiber

57
Q

Stages of Mitosis

Anaphase:

A

Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes move apart

58
Q

Stages of Mitosis:

Telophase:

A

Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatid

59
Q

Cytokinesis:
Animal cells:
Plant cells:

A

The split of the cytoplasm or cytosol
Cell membrane pinches in Creating cleavage furrow
Formation of a cell plate to form new daughter cells

60
Q

Rate of cell division
Too slow-
Too fast-

A

Limited growth; aging

Cancer abnormal cells, excess scar tissue

61
Q

Cyclin:

A

Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle

62
Q

Difference between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated
Sister chromatids into different cells
4 gametes with the haploid number

63
Q 
Cellular Respiration:
1. Aerobic respiration:
Includes-
2. Anaerobic respiration:
Includes-
A

The process of converting stored energy in food into ATP or a usable form.
Requires oxygen
Includes- glycolysis, Krebs cycle, é transport chain
Does not require oxygen
Includes- Glycolysis and fermentation

64
Q

Glycolysis:

Takes place in the…

A

Sugar Breaking first step in both transforms 1 glucose into 2 Pyruvic acids and releasing 2 ATP
Cytosol or Cytoplasm

65
Q

Advantages of anaerobic

A

Speed

And makes in absence or deficiency of O2

66
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation: process that converts _______ into ________ with __________ as a byproduct; regenerates ________.

A

Process that converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol with CO2 as a byproduct; regenerates NAD+

67
Q

Structure?

A

(ATP): readily usable form of energy
Cells able to store and release small amounts of energy
P-P-P-Ribosome-Adenine-Adenine

68
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

Process of converting radiant energy into chemical energy

Light Energy + CO2 + H2O = C6 H12 O6 + O2

69
Q

Pigments:

A

Molecules that reflect certain wavelengths but observing others

70
Q

Chlorophyll:

A

Pigment generally appears great in chloroplasts

71
Q

Thylakoids:
Photosystems:

A

Systems of membranes arranged as a series of interconnected flattened sacs (stacks of coins)
Thylakoid clusters of pigment molecules within the thylakoid membrane

72
Q

Light dependent reactions
Overall action:
Uses light to convert…
Splits H2O molecule to…

A

ADP to ATP
NADP+ to NADPH
Release oxygen and create more electrons

73
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

is a metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.
The cycle spends ATP as an energy source and consumes NADPH2 as reducing power for adding high energy electrons to make sugar.

74
Q

Contrast the “inputs” and “outputs” of light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle ?

A

…

75
Q

Understanding the circle diagram for this would be advised.

A

….

76
Q

Electron Transport Chain -
a.
b.
c.

A

Stage of aerobic respiration that creates ATP from the high energy e (with line over it )formed in glycolysis & Krebs cycle

a. Location - inner membrane of Mitochondria
b. High energy electrons from NADA and FADH are passed along a series of protein molecules along the ……… inner membrane
c. Energy is lost and used to drive a … chemiosmosis

77
Q

things to remember with electron transport chain

A

REMEMBER
operates according to a hydrogen ion cencen graclient moving e transfer H+ ions tone oicle of membrane.
Also remember ATP synthase allows the formation of ….. ATP from ADI? as the H+ move back across the membrane 2 power the spinning turbine.

78
Q

What are the primary activities of the light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle?

A

Circle diagram

79
Q

Compare and contrast the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

..33344

80
Q

What are the factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis? What is the pattern of their influence on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

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Biology (7 decks)

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