Mutations Flashcards
Mutations:
Changes in the genetic code; occurs during replication
Germ-cell mutation
May be…
Does not affect..
Going to affect gametes (occurs during meiosis)
passed on to offspring (if used to produce offspring)
The parent individual in which it occurs
Somatic-cell mutation:
Is not…
But the individual may
Affects…
Affects the body cells and occurs during mitosis
Passed on to offspring
Inherit genetic susceptibility
The individual in which the mutation occurs
Gene Mutations: Point Mutations: Substitution: May still code for... May also code for... Which changes the protein and may... Ex.
Changes in a single gene or series of related genes
Change in a single base/nucleotide
One nucleotide in a codon is replaced by a different nucleotide
The same amino acid
A different amino acid
Change the function and shape of the protein
sickle cell disease
Nucleotide insertion:
Nucleotide deletion:
Lead to frame shift mutation: the arrangement of nucleotide sequence into _______ is __________ ; therefore each ___________ is changed from that point on
One nucleotide is added
one nucleotide is removed
codons; rearranged; amino acids
Chromosome Mutation:
Changes in the structure of the chromosomes or a complete loss of a chromosome. Gain.
Nondisjunction:
Results in one gamete receiving…
Ex.
The failure of Molly is pairs of chromosomes separate
an extra chromosome and one gamete lacking a chromosome
Down syndrome Trisomy 21, Turner
Significance of Mutations Text Perspective
Many if not most mutations are…
Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure are often…
Mutations are the source of…
Neutral
Rare but harmful
Evolutionary change
Irreducible complexity…
Many mutations occur, but b/c of genetic design…
Most mutations that have significant altering effects are…
Commonly beneficial mutations are…
All the parts to a biochemical process must be present and functioning at the same time
Do not cause severe alterations
Harmful
Information reducing that information informing
Cancer Tumor: Benign: Malignant: Metastasis:
Abnormal alliteration of cells resulting from uncontrolled and abnormal subdivision
Massive abnormal cells that do not spread to other tissue
uncontrolled dividing cells that invade and destroy healthy tissue
movement cancer and other parts of the body
Mutations may occur in jeans that produce… Presence of an oncogene: Carcinogenic: a. b. c.
Regulatory proteins that controlled the events of cell division
Gene that can cause cancer;from mutation, maybe inherited may/may not be turned on
Cancer-causing agent
Chemicals - tobacco products(smoke/chew); asbestos; benzene; red dye
Radiation - X-rays; UV sun
Intense heat
Influential factors for developing cancer 1. 2. Frequency and intensity of... 3. Type of cell affected - 4. Presence of multiple...
Genetic Inheritance/ Predisposition
Carcinogen Exposure
Germ or somatic (gamete vs. body)
Mutations
Pedigree analysis/chart:
Generally follows
Carrier:
Illustration that shows the relationship within a family and the passing of genetics
Recessive traits
Individual that possesses the recessive allele for a trait but does not express it
Single may have Multiple alleles:
May express…
Ex.
Are genetic traits that have 3 or more forms of expression
Co-Dominance
Blood Types
Controlled by more than 1 gene - Polygenic Traits Most human characteristics... Trait is expressed in... Often influenced by... Ex.
Are polygenic
Degrees of variation
The environment
Hair color, eye color, skin color, and height
