DNA RNA and Protien Synthesis

Question 1

Esssential roles for a substance to be the genetic instructions:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 1

1. Store information
2. Copy information
3. Transmit the information for the cell to carry out the functions and information

Question 2

Structure of DNA
Chemical Composition -
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.

Answer 2

• ?
  1. Sugar Deoxyribose
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous Base
  a. Purines- Adenine and Guanine/ both have 2 Carbon and Nitrogen rings
  b. Pyrimidines- Thymine and Cytosine/ both have 1 Carbon and Nitrogen ring

Question 3

The building/monomer unit for nucleic acids are _______ and are…

Answer 3

Nucleotides; covalently bonded together (strong)

Question 4

Relative Quantities of Based -
The amount of…
The amount of…
Therefore the Chargaff rule states that…

Answer 4

Chargaff
A=T
G=C
Adenine pairs up with Thymine and Guanine pairs up with Cytosine

Question 5

The Shape of the DNA Molecule -
Instrument used:
Determined the shape to be:
The images indicate that 2 stands of nucleotides exist, therefore;

Answer 5

Wilkins and Franklin
X0ray photographs of DNA Crystals
Helix (Double)
DNA is often called the Double Helix

Question 6

Collaborating the Information and Developing the Model -

Answer 6

James Watson & Francis Crick they also won the nobel prize with wilkins 10 years after

Question 7

TK
Used the poces of information from other scientists’ discoveries and to explain how the structure of DNA accounts for its roles

Answer 7

Just to know

Question 8

The DNA structure consists of 2 strands/chains of ___________ that run…
- This allows the nitrogenous bases to…

Answer 8

Nucleotides; antiparallel / run in opposite direction 3’ - 5’ but remain parallel
?

Question 9

The 2 strands/chains create a ‘backbone’ and are composed of…
- These nucleotides are held together by…

Answer 9

alternating phosphate and sugar

covalent bond which are relatively strong

Question 10

The 2 strands/chains are held in the middle by…

- These weak bonds allow…

Answer 10

Hydrogen bonds relatively weak

separation of the chains for replication and transcription

Question 11

Complimentary base pairs -
a.
b.

Answer 11

A w/ T, 2hydrogen bonds

G w/ C, 3hydrogen bonds

Question 12

Essential nature of the DNA structure to the genetic instructions:

Answer 12

Are dependent upon the exact sequence of base on each nucleotide chain

Question 13

Replication of DNA
Replication:
Why is replication essential?
In what part of the cell cycle does this occur?

Answer 13

The process of copying DNA for cell division and occurs in the nucleus of cell
So that every new cell has a complete set of genetic instructions
S-phase of interphase

Question 14

Process is accomplished and regulated by several…

Answer 14

Enzymes in particular sequence
primase
helicase
DNA polymerase/building polymer

Question 15

Sequence of steps
1. Separation of the two nucleotide chains at the replication origin
Replication fork:
Helicases:
How?

Answer 15

The point at which two Chains separate
Specific enzymes that separate the nucleotide chains
By breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs

Question 16

Action of DNA polymerase: specific__________ the blinds to the…
Free Nucleotides:
The new chain of nucleotides consists of the complimentary bases of each original chain. Each original chain acts as a template/pattern for a new chain.
Ex.
Proofreading occurs by DNA polymerase

Answer 16

Enzyme; original/parent strand and assist in matching the new nucleotide chain
Individual nucleotide not attached/bonded in a chain it available to construct the new chain
ex. Parent / original

Question 17

Proper bonding occurs between the parts.
Between the chain of nucleotides-
Between the base pairs-

Answer 17

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

Question 18

Process occurs at many points simultaneously not from one end of the chain to the other end of the chain.
Text- dozens to hundreds of replication forks
Benifit-

Answer 18

Speed up the process/faster

Question 19

The replication process results in…

-the human genome consists of _______ base pairs that must be copied

Answer 19

2 exact copies of the original DNA molecule

3 billion

Question 20

Telomeres:

Answer 20

?

Question 21

Accuracy and Repair

1. It is essential that DNA is copied accurately for the proper instructions to be passed on to succeeding body cells and reproductive cells
2. A high degree of accuracy is created at several points of the replication process including DNA polymerase, but others also exist

Answer 21

.

Question 22

Accuracy and repair part 2
After proof reading and corrections - there is ____________________
Certain parts of the DNA/chromosome are more prone to errors. ___
Mutation:

Answer 22

1 error in every billion base pairs
Intervening
Mistake in the copying of the genetic code

Question 23

Gene:

Answer 23

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Question 24

RNA (            )
A. General role and significance of RNA
Location of genetic instructions (\_\_\_\_)-
Location of protein synthesis-
Therefore the role of RNA is responsible for the...
Ex.

Answer 24

Ribose/Ribo Nucleic Acid
DNA; Nucleus
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm (ER)
Movement of the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes
Ex. Original blue print (DNA) copies in field (RNA)

Question 25

``` Struck ions of RNA Sequence of... Differences between DNA and RNA a. b. c. ```

Answer 25

Nucleotides consisting of phosphate, sugar & base. RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded Sugar in RNA is ribose in DNA it is deoxyribose RNA contains base uracil instead of Thymine

Question 26

Types of RNA a. b. c.

Answer 26

a. Messenger RNA- acquired the genetic instructions for a protein fro. DNA and carries it to the ribosomes b. Ribosomal RNA- forms 2 subunits to create ribosomes -globular instructions- c. Transfer RNA- uniquely structured RNA (hairpin) that blinds 2 specific a.a. and transfers to the Ribosomes a.a. fits in

Question 27

Transcription: | -Takes place in nucleus

Answer 27

Process by which specific genetic instructions for a protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA

Question 28

RNA polymerase primary transcription enzyme that… Initially bind to specific regions of DNA called________: Binding to DNA that region of DNA... Only one of the DNA chains is used as a_______:

Answer 28

Synthesis makes messenger RNA Promoters: segment of DNA that identifies the beginning of a single gene Separates to expose the jeans for the desired protein Template: pattern for building the protein

Question 29

RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template and begins to add… Base pairing rules for RNA- Ex.

Answer 29

Free complementary RNA nucleotides Uracil replaces thymine Ex. GCATATGCA CGUAUACGU

Question 30

Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches the… This is a specific sequence of… RNA editing occurs that removes portions of the mRNA segment (introns) while splicing the expressed components exons together.

Answer 30

Termination signal | DNA nucleotides that marks the end of the gene

Question 31

At completion of the process a new… This segment is called ___________: All three types of RNA are assembled this way All three types of RNA are involved in the… The mRNA moves through that…

Answer 31

MRNA molecule is released from the DNA template Transcript Synthesis of proteins Nuclear pores into the cytoplasm to reach the ribosomes

Question 32

Protein synthesis: Significance of proteins amount and kind of proteins determine… Therefore proteins carry out the…

Answer 32

Assembling/building proteins | This structure and function of cells; genetic instructions of DNA

Question 33

Protein structure and composition __________ consisting of a specific sequence of... #Of… Protein chain may consist of… Sequence influences the ________ which influences the ________ Ex.

Answer 33

``` Polymers; amino acids Amino acid is 20 Hundreds or thousands of Meno acids Structure; function Abnormal hemoglobin ```

Question 34

The genetic code:

Answer 34

The correlation exists between the nucleotide sequence from DNA to the nucleotides up mRNA leading to the amino acid sequence

Question 35

``` Codon: Maximum # Example Page 367 Each amino acid has… Beginning and end... ```

Answer 35

Group of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid Of codon 64 4×4×4 4 possible bases 3 groups Two or more codons to signal it Codon = AUG Methionine / Stop has 3 stops UAA UAG UGA

Question 36

Translation: Process begins by mRNA… Amino acids in the________are transported by… Possesses the___________: sequence of three… Possesses a specialized region for the attachment of a…

Answer 36

Process of assembling/creating/building/synthesizing polypeptides/protein from info covered by mRNA; ribosomes is where it takes place Leaving the nucleus and moving it to ribosomes Cytoplasm; transfer RNA to tRNA Anti-coding; nucleotides; complementary; codon of mRNA

Question 37

Ribosome moves along the M RNA transcript and each…________Is sequentially paired with its… Therefore the specified________ is placed an order with the other amino acids The_______are bonded by… Formation of_________remember…

Answer 37

Codon; anti-codon tRNA Amino acids Amino acid; peptide bond Polypeptide; please join to form proteins