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Biology > DNA RNA and Protien Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA RNA and Protien Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Esssential roles for a substance to be the genetic instructions:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Store information
  2. Copy information
  3. Transmit the information for the cell to carry out the functions and information
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2
Q 
Structure of DNA
Chemical Composition -
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
A
  • ?
    1. Sugar Deoxyribose
    2. Phosphate group
    3. Nitrogenous Base
    a. Purines- Adenine and Guanine/ both have 2 Carbon and Nitrogen rings
    b. Pyrimidines- Thymine and Cytosine/ both have 1 Carbon and Nitrogen ring
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3
Q

The building/monomer unit for nucleic acids are _______ and are…

A

Nucleotides; covalently bonded together (strong)

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4
Q

Relative Quantities of Based -
The amount of…
The amount of…
Therefore the Chargaff rule states that…

A

Chargaff
A=T
G=C
Adenine pairs up with Thymine and Guanine pairs up with Cytosine

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5
Q

The Shape of the DNA Molecule -
Instrument used:
Determined the shape to be:
The images indicate that 2 stands of nucleotides exist, therefore;

A

Wilkins and Franklin
X0ray photographs of DNA Crystals
Helix (Double)
DNA is often called the Double Helix

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6
Q

Collaborating the Information and Developing the Model -

A

James Watson & Francis Crick they also won the nobel prize with wilkins 10 years after

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7
Q

TK
Used the poces of information from other scientists’ discoveries and to explain how the structure of DNA accounts for its roles

A

Just to know

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8
Q

The DNA structure consists of 2 strands/chains of ___________ that run…
- This allows the nitrogenous bases to…

A

Nucleotides; antiparallel / run in opposite direction 3’ - 5’ but remain parallel
?

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9
Q

The 2 strands/chains create a ‘backbone’ and are composed of…
- These nucleotides are held together by…

A

alternating phosphate and sugar

covalent bond which are relatively strong

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10
Q

The 2 strands/chains are held in the middle by…

- These weak bonds allow…

A

Hydrogen bonds relatively weak

separation of the chains for replication and transcription

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11
Q

Complimentary base pairs -
a.
b.

A

A w/ T, 2hydrogen bonds

G w/ C, 3hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Essential nature of the DNA structure to the genetic instructions:

A

Are dependent upon the exact sequence of base on each nucleotide chain

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13
Q

Replication of DNA
Replication:
Why is replication essential?
In what part of the cell cycle does this occur?

A

The process of copying DNA for cell division and occurs in the nucleus of cell
So that every new cell has a complete set of genetic instructions
S-phase of interphase

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14
Q

Process is accomplished and regulated by several…

A

Enzymes in particular sequence
primase
helicase
DNA polymerase/building polymer

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15
Q 
Sequence of steps
1. Separation of the two nucleotide chains at the replication origin
Replication fork:
Helicases:
How?
A

The point at which two Chains separate
Specific enzymes that separate the nucleotide chains
By breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs

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16
Q

Action of DNA polymerase: specific__________ the blinds to the…
Free Nucleotides:
The new chain of nucleotides consists of the complimentary bases of each original chain. Each original chain acts as a template/pattern for a new chain.
Ex.
Proofreading occurs by DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme; original/parent strand and assist in matching the new nucleotide chain
Individual nucleotide not attached/bonded in a chain it available to construct the new chain
ex. Parent / original

17
Q

Proper bonding occurs between the parts.
Between the chain of nucleotides-
Between the base pairs-

A

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

18
Q

Process occurs at many points simultaneously not from one end of the chain to the other end of the chain.
Text- dozens to hundreds of replication forks
Benifit-

A

Speed up the process/faster

19
Q

The replication process results in…

-the human genome consists of _______ base pairs that must be copied

A

2 exact copies of the original DNA molecule

3 billion

20
Q

Telomeres:

A

?

21
Q

Accuracy and Repair

  1. It is essential that DNA is copied accurately for the proper instructions to be passed on to succeeding body cells and reproductive cells
  2. A high degree of accuracy is created at several points of the replication process including DNA polymerase, but others also exist
A

.

22
Q

Accuracy and repair part 2
After proof reading and corrections - there is ____________________
Certain parts of the DNA/chromosome are more prone to errors. ___
Mutation:

A

1 error in every billion base pairs
Intervening
Mistake in the copying of the genetic code

23
Q

Gene:

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

24
Q 
RNA (            )
A. General role and significance of RNA
Location of genetic instructions (\_\_\_\_)-
Location of protein synthesis-
Therefore the role of RNA is responsible for the...
Ex.
A

Ribose/Ribo Nucleic Acid
DNA; Nucleus
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm (ER)
Movement of the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes
Ex. Original blue print (DNA) copies in field (RNA)

25
Q 
Struck ions of RNA
Sequence of...
Differences between DNA and RNA
a.
b.
c.
A

Nucleotides consisting of phosphate, sugar & base.
RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded
Sugar in RNA is ribose in DNA it is deoxyribose
RNA contains base uracil instead of Thymine

26
Q

Types of RNA
a.
b.
c.

A

a. Messenger RNA- acquired the genetic instructions for a protein fro. DNA and carries it to the ribosomes
b. Ribosomal RNA- forms 2 subunits to create ribosomes -globular instructions-
c. Transfer RNA- uniquely structured RNA (hairpin) that blinds 2 specific a.a. and transfers to the Ribosomes a.a. fits in

27
Q

Transcription:

-Takes place in nucleus

A

Process by which specific genetic instructions for a protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA

28
Q

RNA polymerase primary transcription enzyme that…
Initially bind to specific regions of DNA called________:
Binding to DNA that region of DNA…
Only one of the DNA chains is used as a_______:

A

Synthesis makes messenger RNA
Promoters: segment of DNA that identifies the beginning of a single gene
Separates to expose the jeans for the desired protein
Template: pattern for building the protein

29
Q

RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template and begins to add…
Base pairing rules for RNA-
Ex.

A

Free complementary RNA nucleotides
Uracil replaces thymine
Ex. GCATATGCA
CGUAUACGU

30
Q

Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches the…
This is a specific sequence of…
RNA editing occurs that removes portions of the mRNA segment (introns) while splicing the expressed components exons together.

A

Termination signal

DNA nucleotides that marks the end of the gene

31
Q

At completion of the process a new…
This segment is called ___________:
All three types of RNA are assembled this way
All three types of RNA are involved in the…
The mRNA moves through that…

A

MRNA molecule is released from the DNA template
Transcript
Synthesis of proteins
Nuclear pores into the cytoplasm to reach the ribosomes

32
Q

Protein synthesis:
Significance of proteins amount and kind of proteins determine…
Therefore proteins carry out the…

A

Assembling/building proteins

This structure and function of cells; genetic instructions of DNA

33
Q

Protein structure and composition
__________ consisting of a specific sequence of…
#Of…
Protein chain may consist of…
Sequence influences the ________ which influences the ________
Ex.

A 
Polymers; amino acids
Amino acid is 20
Hundreds or thousands of Meno acids
Structure; function
Abnormal hemoglobin
34
Q

The genetic code:

A

The correlation exists between the nucleotide sequence from DNA to the nucleotides up mRNA leading to the amino acid sequence

35
Q 
Codon:
Maximum #
Example Page 367
Each amino acid has…
Beginning and end...
A

Group of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
Of codon 64 4×4×4 4 possible bases 3 groups
Two or more codons to signal it
Codon = AUG Methionine / Stop has 3 stops UAA UAG UGA

36
Q

Translation:
Process begins by mRNA…
Amino acids in the________are transported by…
Possesses the___________: sequence of three…
Possesses a specialized region for the attachment of a…

A

Process of assembling/creating/building/synthesizing polypeptides/protein from info covered by mRNA; ribosomes is where it takes place
Leaving the nucleus and moving it to ribosomes
Cytoplasm; transfer RNA to tRNA
Anti-coding; nucleotides; complementary; codon of mRNA

37
Q

Ribosome moves along the M RNA transcript and each…________Is sequentially paired with its…
Therefore the specified________ is placed an order with the other amino acids
The_______are bonded by…
Formation of_________remember…

A

Codon; anti-codon tRNA
Amino acids
Amino acid; peptide bond
Polypeptide; please join to form proteins

Biology (7 decks)

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