DNA RNA and Protien Synthesis Flashcards
Esssential roles for a substance to be the genetic instructions:
1.
2.
3.
- Store information
- Copy information
- Transmit the information for the cell to carry out the functions and information
Structure of DNA Chemical Composition - 1. 2. 3. a. b.
- ?
1. Sugar Deoxyribose
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous Base
a. Purines- Adenine and Guanine/ both have 2 Carbon and Nitrogen rings
b. Pyrimidines- Thymine and Cytosine/ both have 1 Carbon and Nitrogen ring
The building/monomer unit for nucleic acids are _______ and are…
Nucleotides; covalently bonded together (strong)
Relative Quantities of Based -
The amount of…
The amount of…
Therefore the Chargaff rule states that…
Chargaff
A=T
G=C
Adenine pairs up with Thymine and Guanine pairs up with Cytosine
The Shape of the DNA Molecule -
Instrument used:
Determined the shape to be:
The images indicate that 2 stands of nucleotides exist, therefore;
Wilkins and Franklin
X0ray photographs of DNA Crystals
Helix (Double)
DNA is often called the Double Helix
Collaborating the Information and Developing the Model -
James Watson & Francis Crick they also won the nobel prize with wilkins 10 years after
TK
Used the poces of information from other scientists’ discoveries and to explain how the structure of DNA accounts for its roles
Just to know
The DNA structure consists of 2 strands/chains of ___________ that run…
- This allows the nitrogenous bases to…
Nucleotides; antiparallel / run in opposite direction 3’ - 5’ but remain parallel
?
The 2 strands/chains create a ‘backbone’ and are composed of…
- These nucleotides are held together by…
alternating phosphate and sugar
covalent bond which are relatively strong
The 2 strands/chains are held in the middle by…
- These weak bonds allow…
Hydrogen bonds relatively weak
separation of the chains for replication and transcription
Complimentary base pairs -
a.
b.
A w/ T, 2hydrogen bonds
G w/ C, 3hydrogen bonds
Essential nature of the DNA structure to the genetic instructions:
Are dependent upon the exact sequence of base on each nucleotide chain
Replication of DNA
Replication:
Why is replication essential?
In what part of the cell cycle does this occur?
The process of copying DNA for cell division and occurs in the nucleus of cell
So that every new cell has a complete set of genetic instructions
S-phase of interphase
Process is accomplished and regulated by several…
Enzymes in particular sequence
primase
helicase
DNA polymerase/building polymer
Sequence of steps 1. Separation of the two nucleotide chains at the replication origin Replication fork: Helicases: How?
The point at which two Chains separate
Specific enzymes that separate the nucleotide chains
By breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs
Action of DNA polymerase: specific__________ the blinds to the…
Free Nucleotides:
The new chain of nucleotides consists of the complimentary bases of each original chain. Each original chain acts as a template/pattern for a new chain.
Ex.
Proofreading occurs by DNA polymerase
Enzyme; original/parent strand and assist in matching the new nucleotide chain
Individual nucleotide not attached/bonded in a chain it available to construct the new chain
ex. Parent / original
Proper bonding occurs between the parts.
Between the chain of nucleotides-
Between the base pairs-
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Process occurs at many points simultaneously not from one end of the chain to the other end of the chain.
Text- dozens to hundreds of replication forks
Benifit-
Speed up the process/faster
The replication process results in…
-the human genome consists of _______ base pairs that must be copied
2 exact copies of the original DNA molecule
3 billion
Telomeres:
?
Accuracy and Repair
- It is essential that DNA is copied accurately for the proper instructions to be passed on to succeeding body cells and reproductive cells
- A high degree of accuracy is created at several points of the replication process including DNA polymerase, but others also exist
.
Accuracy and repair part 2
After proof reading and corrections - there is ____________________
Certain parts of the DNA/chromosome are more prone to errors. ___
Mutation:
1 error in every billion base pairs
Intervening
Mistake in the copying of the genetic code
Gene:
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
RNA ( ) A. General role and significance of RNA Location of genetic instructions (\_\_\_\_)- Location of protein synthesis- Therefore the role of RNA is responsible for the... Ex.
Ribose/Ribo Nucleic Acid
DNA; Nucleus
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm (ER)
Movement of the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes
Ex. Original blue print (DNA) copies in field (RNA)
Struck ions of RNA Sequence of... Differences between DNA and RNA a. b. c.
Nucleotides consisting of phosphate, sugar & base.
RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded
Sugar in RNA is ribose in DNA it is deoxyribose
RNA contains base uracil instead of Thymine
Types of RNA
a.
b.
c.
a. Messenger RNA- acquired the genetic instructions for a protein fro. DNA and carries it to the ribosomes
b. Ribosomal RNA- forms 2 subunits to create ribosomes -globular instructions-
c. Transfer RNA- uniquely structured RNA (hairpin) that blinds 2 specific a.a. and transfers to the Ribosomes a.a. fits in
Transcription:
-Takes place in nucleus
Process by which specific genetic instructions for a protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA
RNA polymerase primary transcription enzyme that…
Initially bind to specific regions of DNA called________:
Binding to DNA that region of DNA…
Only one of the DNA chains is used as a_______:
Synthesis makes messenger RNA
Promoters: segment of DNA that identifies the beginning of a single gene
Separates to expose the jeans for the desired protein
Template: pattern for building the protein
RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template and begins to add…
Base pairing rules for RNA-
Ex.
Free complementary RNA nucleotides
Uracil replaces thymine
Ex. GCATATGCA
CGUAUACGU
Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches the…
This is a specific sequence of…
RNA editing occurs that removes portions of the mRNA segment (introns) while splicing the expressed components exons together.
Termination signal
DNA nucleotides that marks the end of the gene
At completion of the process a new…
This segment is called ___________:
All three types of RNA are assembled this way
All three types of RNA are involved in the…
The mRNA moves through that…
MRNA molecule is released from the DNA template
Transcript
Synthesis of proteins
Nuclear pores into the cytoplasm to reach the ribosomes
Protein synthesis:
Significance of proteins amount and kind of proteins determine…
Therefore proteins carry out the…
Assembling/building proteins
This structure and function of cells; genetic instructions of DNA
Protein structure and composition
__________ consisting of a specific sequence of…
#Of…
Protein chain may consist of…
Sequence influences the ________ which influences the ________
Ex.
Polymers; amino acids Amino acid is 20 Hundreds or thousands of Meno acids Structure; function Abnormal hemoglobin
The genetic code:
The correlation exists between the nucleotide sequence from DNA to the nucleotides up mRNA leading to the amino acid sequence
Codon: Maximum # Example Page 367 Each amino acid has… Beginning and end...
Group of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
Of codon 64 4×4×4 4 possible bases 3 groups
Two or more codons to signal it
Codon = AUG Methionine / Stop has 3 stops UAA UAG UGA
Translation:
Process begins by mRNA…
Amino acids in the________are transported by…
Possesses the___________: sequence of three…
Possesses a specialized region for the attachment of a…
Process of assembling/creating/building/synthesizing polypeptides/protein from info covered by mRNA; ribosomes is where it takes place
Leaving the nucleus and moving it to ribosomes
Cytoplasm; transfer RNA to tRNA
Anti-coding; nucleotides; complementary; codon of mRNA
Ribosome moves along the M RNA transcript and each…________Is sequentially paired with its…
Therefore the specified________ is placed an order with the other amino acids
The_______are bonded by…
Formation of_________remember…
Codon; anti-codon tRNA
Amino acids
Amino acid; peptide bond
Polypeptide; please join to form proteins
