Trimester 1 Unit 5 Flashcards
What do the energy levels correspond to
The rows of the table
What is the Aufbau principle
Start at the lowest energy level and build to the higher energy levels only after the lowest are filled
What is an Orbital
A region of probability in which an electron can be found with the lowest level being the S orbital that is sphere-shaped and always filled first. The S Block holds groups 1 and 2
S Orbital
Hydrogen has one proton and one electron so it fills the first energy level or the S Orbital with one electron. Helium has two protons and two electrons so it fills the first orbital or !s with two electrons. Has a max of 2
P Orbital
Once the S Orbital has been filled, the electrons start filling in the P Orbital. It is shaped like a propeller giving it a total of 3 P Orbitals to be filled. Max of 6
What is Hund’s Rule
Each P Orbital must receive one electron before any P Orbital can receive a second filling electron
D Orbital
There are five orbitals in the D block and seven orbitals in the F block, D block elements are called transition metals. D block max of 10 electrons and F block max of 14 electrons
What is Electron Notation
1s2 2s2 2p1
What does the 1 stand for
The energy level
What does the S stand for
The type of orbital
What does the Superscript stand for?
The number of electrons
F Orbital
looks like a flower and can hold 14 electrons while also having 7 orientations and found in levels 4-5
What were Democritus’s major thoughts on the Atom?
Surrounded by empty space & vary in size and shape depending on the substance they are composed of.
What were Aristotle’s major thoughts on the Atom?
Thought it was made of the 4 major elements
What were Dalton’s major thoughts on the Atom?
Common substances are broken down into the same proportions, compounds are a combination of various atoms that can’t be created or destroyed
What were Thompson’s major thoughts on the Atom?
Uniformed packed spheres with positive matter filled with negative electrons
What were Rutherford’s major thoughts on the Atom?
Atoms thinly placed positive charge was not enough to keep things in place. Atoms consist largely of empty space with a few electrons while mass is in the center particles. Pass through gaps but bounce off the nucleus.
What were Bohr’s major thoughts on the Atom?
Electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energys & distances, able to jump from one level to another but not exist in the space between
What were Heisenberg’s major thoughts on the Atom?
impossible to determine the exact speed and position of electrons
What are the two types of bonding
Ionic and Covalent bonding
What is covalent bonding?
sharing of electrons, Polar Covalent=unequal sharing, Nonpolar Covalent=equal
What are the two ways to determine the bond type
Type of element and Electronegativity
Type of element
metal and nonmetal=Ionic and nonmetal and nonmetal=covalent
Electronegativity
Ionic>1.8, Polar Covalent 0.4-1.79, Nonpolar Covalent 0-0.39
Every 2 electrons shared is a
Bond
Two atoms can share up to
6 electrons
A single bond
2 shared electrons
A double bond
4 shared electrons
A triple bond
6 shared electrons
The more electrons shared
the shorter the bond
Sharing is not always an
equal partnership
Typically each bond is made from the contribution of
1 electron from each atom
Sharing is not always
equal
Sharing is not always
equal
Sometimes one atom needs
electrons more
The electronegativity value determines an atom
needs
Polar Covalent
1 atom needs electrons more creating unequal sharing
Non-polar covalent
Both atoms have similar electron needs creating equal sharing
only put the prefix mono on the
second element
mono
1
di
2
tri
3
tetra
4
penta
5
hexa
6
hepta
7
octa
8
nona
9
deca
10
NO
Nitrogen Monoxide
Second element always ends in
ide
H2O
Dihydrogen Monoxide
Molecules are electrically
neutral
If the negative charge is evenly distributed around the molecule it is
Not Polar
If there is an uneven distribution of negative charge the molecule is
Polar
The three things that determine molecular polarity are
Bond polarity, Outside atoms, Molecular shape
Polarity is represented by an
arrow
The arrow always points towards the
more electronegative arrow
Water
H=2.1, O=3.5, 3.5-2.1= 1.4,
Carbon Dioxide
3.5-2.5= 1.0, completely symmetrical linear molecule, nonpolar
Boron Trifluoride
Triangular planar shape, all outside atoms are the same, all bond polarities are the same, nonpolar
BF2Cl
a nonsymmetrical molecule, not all outside atoms are the same, bond polarities are not equal= dipole
For diatomic molecules, the bond polarity will determine
molecular polarity
What determines the strength of the attraction between molecules
How strong the intermolecular forces are
What kind of intermolecular forces have the weakest attraction
basic dispersion
What is the evidence that a substance has strong intermolecular forces
molecules pack together
Where does air need to diffuse to be absorbed by the body
virtual membrane
Does the surface tension need to be high or low to let oxygen through
low
What is Volatility
measure of a substances ability to evaperate
What can allow the molecule to vaporize
Kinetic energy
what kind of medicine depends on the volatility
Anestetics
How is it best to administer anesthesia
gas
What intermolecular force would be best in the case of anesthesia
weak
What creates the forces within a molecule
electronegativity
What areas have a partial charge within a molecule
places with less electronegative charge
what are polar molecules attracted to
anything with a charge
what allows a medication to bind to the receptor or target molecules in the body
receptors have partly charged areas that match polarity
What causes milk molecules to be attracted to each other
it has several lactate molecules that are fatty but also attracted to each other
What does the soap act as
A sufactants
Why don’t babies need surfactant before birth
They rely on the oxygen in the mothers blood
