Tricky topics pt2 Flashcards
how to interfere with a G-protein function
target GTPase
how does vibrio cholera toxin inhibit G- protein
covalently modifies alphas subunit
–> cannot be switched off by GTPase
how does pertussis toxin inhibit G- protein
covalently modifies alphai
haemopoeisis
the production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, differentiation of blood cells
two branches of haemopoetic stem cells
myeloid and lymphoid
why do RBC have no mitochondria
otherwise it would be using up its oxygen thats meant to be delivered to tissues
outline erythropoeisis
1) megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor
2) proerythroblast
3) early erythroblast
4) intermediate erythroblast
5) laste erythroblast
6) nuclear extrusion
7) reticulocyte (NO NUCLEUS)
8) RBC
name the granulocytes
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
where do thrombocytes come from
1000s come from megakaryocyte - more cytoplasmic projections
B cells mature into
plasma cells–> antibodies
flow definition
a psychological state that occurs when both challenge and skill are high
how many times does DNA wrap around histone octamer
1.75x
iatrogenic
disease caused by medical interventio
chorionic vollus
the basic structural unit that faciliates foetal maternal exchange
haemotoxcylin
stains nucleic acid blue
eoisin
stains proteins pink
what needs to be maintainted cosntant in internal environment when preparing live cells
pH pO2 temp volume and pressure conc of nutrients and salts
procurement methods
curretage
transvacular
needle aspiration
homeostasis def
the process by which cells, tissues and organisms maintain values within their normal range
tonicity
the relative [solute] dissolved in solution which determins the direction and extent of diffusion
- influence by solutes which cant past membrane e..g albumin
lichenification occcurs due to
excessive itching or rubbing of the skin
layers of the dermis
upper- papillary (loose connective tissue)
lower- retiticular
papillary
vascularised- areolar
reticular
dense irregular
80% of dermis
fibrous proteins
- long and narrow
- mostly insoluble
- structural
- repetitive aa sequence
- less sensitive to changes in heat and pH
globular rpoteins
- round/ spherical
- mostly soluble
- functional (catalysts)
- irregular aa sequence
- more sensitive to changes in pH and temp
example of fibrous
collagen and keratin
examples of globular
Hb
type 1 collagen
bones
tendons
ligaments
skin
type II collagen
cartilage and structure of the eyes
type III collagen
liver
lungs
arteries
type IV collagen
kidney and many other internal organs
type V
cell surfaces, hair and placenta
goitre
swelling of the neck due to enlarged thryoid
graves
hyperthyroidism due to activates TSH receptor
hashimotos
hypothyroidism caused by the thyroid gland being destroyed
types of lymphaedema
primary and secondary
primary lymphoedema most common cause
milroy disease (congenital)
secondary lymphedema
- surgery
- radiation
- cancer
- infection
psoriais
long lasting autoimmune disease
- genetic caused by environmental triggers
psoriasis caused by
excessive mitosis of keratinocytes§
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
asthma
airway narrow, swelling and produce excess mucus
shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing
cells in exocrine glands
cuboidal
fibroblasts look
long and have long nucleus
cis golgi
closest to the ER
trans golgi
closest to the membrane
type i pneumocytes
cells responsible for gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli
v. large and thin
- v susceptible to toxic insult
type i pneumocytes cannot
replicate
type II pneumocytes
responsible for production of surfactant
type II pneumocytes can
replicate- will replace damaged TI
surfactant
reduces surface tension in the lungs
pKa is the
acid dissociation constant for weak acids
higher the pKa
the less likely to ionise
if pH is less than the pKa the amino acid will be
protonated
give an example of an amino acid with a negative R group
lysine
give an example of an amino acid with a positive R group
glutamate
at pH 7 what will be the predominant form of asparate (pK2.8)
deprotonated
secondary folding
local spatial arrangement of polypeptide backbone
tertiary
final folded form
- when secodnary structures come together
isoelectric point
pH at which there is no overal ent charge
Pl in basic proteins
> 7
PI in acidic proteins
<7
if pH is
protonated
H bonds between
O, N, H and F
alpha helix stabilised by H bonds
backbond of C=O gorup of one residue is H bonded to the NH group of the residues 4 amino acids away
on lineweaver burk blot which line is to do with affinity
X
on lineweaver burk blot which line is to do with Vmax
Y
rate of enzyme catlaysed reaction is related to the conc
of substrate
michaelis menton graph shows
rectangular hyperpolar shape
vMax is the
maximal rate of velocity when all active sites are full
