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Revision lectures (Year 1) > Tricky topics pt2 > Flashcards

Tricky topics pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

how to interfere with a G-protein function

A

target GTPase

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2
Q

how does vibrio cholera toxin inhibit G- protein

A

covalently modifies alphas subunit

–> cannot be switched off by GTPase

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3
Q

how does pertussis toxin inhibit G- protein

A

covalently modifies alphai

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4
Q

haemopoeisis

A

the production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, differentiation of blood cells

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5
Q

two branches of haemopoetic stem cells

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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6
Q

why do RBC have no mitochondria

A

otherwise it would be using up its oxygen thats meant to be delivered to tissues

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7
Q

outline erythropoeisis

A

1) megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor
2) proerythroblast
3) early erythroblast
4) intermediate erythroblast
5) laste erythroblast
6) nuclear extrusion
7) reticulocyte (NO NUCLEUS)
8) RBC

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8
Q

name the granulocytes

A

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

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9
Q

where do thrombocytes come from

A

1000s come from megakaryocyte - more cytoplasmic projections

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10
Q

B cells mature into

A

plasma cells–> antibodies

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11
Q

flow definition

A

a psychological state that occurs when both challenge and skill are high

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12
Q

how many times does DNA wrap around histone octamer

A

1.75x

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13
Q

iatrogenic

A

disease caused by medical interventio

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14
Q

chorionic vollus

A

the basic structural unit that faciliates foetal maternal exchange

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15
Q

haemotoxcylin

A

stains nucleic acid blue

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16
Q

eoisin

A

stains proteins pink

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17
Q

what needs to be maintainted cosntant in internal environment when preparing live cells

A 
pH
pO2
temp
volume and pressure
conc of nutrients and salts
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18
Q

procurement methods

A

curretage
transvacular
needle aspiration

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19
Q

homeostasis def

A

the process by which cells, tissues and organisms maintain values within their normal range

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20
Q

tonicity

A

the relative [solute] dissolved in solution which determins the direction and extent of diffusion

  • influence by solutes which cant past membrane e..g albumin
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21
Q

lichenification occcurs due to

A

excessive itching or rubbing of the skin

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22
Q

layers of the dermis

A

upper- papillary (loose connective tissue)

lower- retiticular

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23
Q

papillary

A

vascularised- areolar

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24
Q

reticular

A

dense irregular

80% of dermis

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25
Q

fibrous proteins

A
  • long and narrow
  • mostly insoluble
  • structural
  • repetitive aa sequence
  • less sensitive to changes in heat and pH
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26
Q

globular rpoteins

A
  • round/ spherical
  • mostly soluble
  • functional (catalysts)
  • irregular aa sequence
  • more sensitive to changes in pH and temp
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27
Q

example of fibrous

A

collagen and keratin

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28
Q

examples of globular

A

Hb

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29
Q

type 1 collagen

A

bones
tendons
ligaments
skin

30
Q

type II collagen

A

cartilage and structure of the eyes

31
Q

type III collagen

A

liver
lungs
arteries

32
Q

type IV collagen

A

kidney and many other internal organs

33
Q

type V

A

cell surfaces, hair and placenta

34
Q

goitre

A

swelling of the neck due to enlarged thryoid

35
Q

graves

A

hyperthyroidism due to activates TSH receptor

36
Q

hashimotos

A

hypothyroidism caused by the thyroid gland being destroyed

37
Q

types of lymphaedema

A

primary and secondary

38
Q

primary lymphoedema most common cause

A

milroy disease (congenital)

39
Q

secondary lymphedema

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • cancer
  • infection
40
Q

psoriais

A

long lasting autoimmune disease

- genetic caused by environmental triggers

41
Q

psoriasis caused by

A

excessive mitosis of keratinocytes§

42
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi

43
Q

asthma

A

airway narrow, swelling and produce excess mucus

shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing

44
Q

cells in exocrine glands

A

cuboidal

45
Q

fibroblasts look

A

long and have long nucleus

46
Q

cis golgi

A

closest to the ER

47
Q

trans golgi

A

closest to the membrane

48
Q

type i pneumocytes

A

cells responsible for gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli

v. large and thin
- v susceptible to toxic insult

49
Q

type i pneumocytes cannot

A

replicate

50
Q

type II pneumocytes

A

responsible for production of surfactant

51
Q

type II pneumocytes can

A

replicate- will replace damaged TI

52
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension in the lungs

53
Q

pKa is the

A

acid dissociation constant for weak acids

54
Q

higher the pKa

A

the less likely to ionise

55
Q

if pH is less than the pKa the amino acid will be

A

protonated

56
Q

give an example of an amino acid with a negative R group

A

lysine

57
Q

give an example of an amino acid with a positive R group

A

glutamate

58
Q

at pH 7 what will be the predominant form of asparate (pK2.8)

A

deprotonated

59
Q

secondary folding

A

local spatial arrangement of polypeptide backbone

60
Q

tertiary

A

final folded form

- when secodnary structures come together

61
Q

isoelectric point

A

pH at which there is no overal ent charge

62
Q

Pl in basic proteins

A

> 7

63
Q

PI in acidic proteins

A

<7

64
Q

if pH is

A

protonated

65
Q

H bonds between

A

O, N, H and F

66
Q

alpha helix stabilised by H bonds

A

backbond of C=O gorup of one residue is H bonded to the NH group of the residues 4 amino acids away

67
Q

on lineweaver burk blot which line is to do with affinity

A

X

68
Q

on lineweaver burk blot which line is to do with Vmax

A

Y

69
Q

rate of enzyme catlaysed reaction is related to the conc

A

of substrate

70
Q

michaelis menton graph shows

A

rectangular hyperpolar shape

71
Q

vMax is the

A

maximal rate of velocity when all active sites are full

Revision lectures (Year 1) (17 decks)

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