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Revision lectures (Year 1) > Body Logistics (4-6) > Flashcards

Body Logistics (4-6) Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelia

A

sheets of continuous cells, of varied embryonic origin, that covers the external surface of body and links many internal surfaces

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2
Q

function of epithelia

A

protection, secretion, absorption, sensation

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3
Q

basement membrane

A

thin tissue that separates the lining of internal and external body surfaces from underlying connective tissue
- basal lamina and reticular lamina

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4
Q

classification of epithelia based on

A

shape and arrangement (simple/ stratified)

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5
Q

simple arrangement

A

a single layer of cells

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6
Q

stratified

A

multiple layers

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7
Q

name the diff types of epithelial cells

A 
simple squamous
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
stratified columns
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
transitional
pseudo stratified columnar
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8
Q

simple squamous epithelia function

A

gas exchange- alveoli

barrier to fluids- bowman capsule

secrete lubricating fluid- serous membrane

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9
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • hormone synethis- thyroid gland
  • absorption and secretion- kidney
  • absorption and conduit- pancreatic duct
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10
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • absorption- gall bladder, s.intestine, colon
  • secretion- stomach lining, s.intestine, colon
  • lubrication- s.intestine, colon
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11
Q

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium features

A
  • all cells in contact with basement membrane
  • not all reach epithelia
  • nucleus at different levels
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12
Q

function of pseudo stratified columnar

A

mucus secretion and partial trapping- upper respiraotry tract

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13
Q

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection against abrasion- vagina, oesophagus, anal canal

reduces water loss- vagina, oesophagus, anal canal

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14
Q

stratified squamous keratinised feature

A

outermost layer- squamous cells that have lost their nuclei and cornfield- form the stratum corner (keratinocytes)

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15
Q

function of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

A
  • found in epidermis of skin
  • reduce water loss and ingress
  • prevent toxin and microbial ingress
  • protect against abrasion
  • protect against UV light damage
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16
Q

transitional epithelium can be

A

stretch (thick) or relaxed (deep)

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17
Q

transitional epithelium function

A

urinary tract - think distensibility

- protecting from toxic chemicals

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18
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium function and location

A
  • sweat glands

- secretion nd conduit

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19
Q

stratified columnar functionalists and location

A
  • -male urethra

- secretion and lubrication

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20
Q

name 3 cell surface specialisations

A
  • microvilli
  • stereocilia
  • cilia
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21
Q

microvilli

A

found in the intestine

- increase surface area for absorption

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22
Q

stereocilia

A

found in ductus defers, epididymis, inner ear

  • respond to fluid motion
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23
Q

cilia

A

found in trachea

- much-ciliary escalator

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24
Q

glands are

A

an aggregate of epithelial cells specialised for secretion

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25
Q

types of glands

A

endocrine

exocrine

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26
Q

endocrine

A
  • secrete directly into blood, function at distant parts of the body
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27
Q

endocrine glands secrete

A

hormones

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28
Q

example endocrine glands

A

Thyroid and parathyroid gland

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29
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete into a region through duct

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30
Q

exocrine glands secrete

A

enzyme or lubricants

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31
Q

example exocrine glands

A
  • salivary
  • pancreas
  • mammary glands
  • sweat glands etc
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32
Q

types of mode of secretion (3)

A

1) merocrine
2) holocrine
3) apocrine

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33
Q

merocrine

A

fusion of vesicles with apical membrane

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34
Q

apocrine

A

partial loss of cytoplasm

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35
Q

holocrine

A

apoptosis of cell leading to discharge of contents

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36
Q

transepithelial transport

A

transcytosis

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37
Q

Endothelial cells (Endothelium) are often considered

A

specialized epithelial cells which line blood vessels.

38
Q

Epithelial cells (Epithelium) are one of the four types of cells from which animal tissues are constructed (4)

A

epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

39
Q

types of transcytosis

A
  • endocytosis

- exocytosis

40
Q

endocytosis

A

engulfing of molecules inside cell via vesicle formation

e.g. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

41
Q

excocytosis

A

secretion of molecules outside cell via vesicle fusing to emmebraner

42
Q

glycosylation of proteins in the

A

endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

what occurs during glycosylation of proteins

A

N-linked glycosylation
- sugars are covalently attached to asparagine side chain ( added to amino group)

FORMS GLYCOPROTEINS

44
Q

what occurs during the glycosylation of lipids

A

formation of glycolipids

45
Q

importance of glycosylation

A
  • aid protein folding
  • prevent protein/lipid digestion by intracellular proteases/lipases
  • cell recognition
46
Q

secretion control (4)

A

1) negative feedback mechanism (product inhibits secretion)
2) Nervous (input from autonomic fibres)
3) Endocrine
4) Neuroendocrine

47
Q

major endocrine glands in the body

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
48
Q

minor endocrine glands in the body

A
  • heart
  • stomach
  • liver
  • duodenum
  • kidney
49
Q

classification of hormones (4)

A
  • peptide
  • amino acid derivatives
  • glycoproteins
  • steroids
50
Q

peptides

A

largest group

  • short chains of amino acids
  • water soluble
51
Q

examples of peptides

A
  • Insulin
  • glucagon
  • growth hormone
52
Q

glycoproteins

A

largest protein moelcules

  • carbohydrate side chain
  • water soluble
53
Q

examples of glycoproteins

A

LH
~FSH
TSH

54
Q

amino acid derivatives (Amiens)

A

synthesised from aromatic amino acids

  • adrenal medulla hormones water soluble
  • thyroid hormons lipid soluble
55
Q

example of amino acid derivative

A

adrenaline (tyr)
NA (tyr)
Thyroid hormone (tyr)

56
Q

steroids are

A

all derived from cholesterol

- lipid soluble

57
Q

example of steroids

A

cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone
oestrogen

58
Q

thyroid gland is found

A

below thryoid cartilage in front of larynx and trachea

59
Q

histological features of the thyroid gland

A
  • thyroid follicle (follicular cells and colloid)–> colloid store thryoglobulin
  • follicular cells - thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
  • parafollicular cells (calcitonin)
60
Q

calcitonin

A

inhibits osteoclast activity in bone

61
Q

thyroid follicle

A

(follicular cells and colloid)–> colloid store thryoglobulin

62
Q

follicular cells

A
  • thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
63
Q

parafollicular cells

A

calcitonin

64
Q

HPT axis

A

Hypothalamus pituitary axis

65
Q

HPT involves which organs

A

hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid

66
Q

hypothalamus releases

A

TRH- thyrotropin releasing hormone

67
Q

pituitary releases

A

TSH

68
Q

Thyroid releases

A

T3/T4 from follicular cells

  • 90% recreated is T4
  • T4 converted to T3 in liver and kidneys
69
Q

T4 has a ……. and T3 is

A

T4- longer half life

T3- more active

70
Q

HPT axis action

A
  • increases basal metabolic rate and heat production
  • stimulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
  • sympathomimetic effect
71
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease

72
Q

hypothyroidism

A

hashimotos

73
Q

in hypothyroidism (graves) TSH, T4, T3, Ab profile

A

TSH- high

T4/T4- low

74
Q

in hyperthyroidism (hashimotos)

A

TSH- low

T3/T4- high

75
Q

structure and location of parathyroid

A

4 glands, found posterior to thyroid

76
Q

histological features of parathyroid gland

A
  • Chief cells

- Oxyphil cell

77
Q

chief cells release

A

parathyroid hormone

78
Q

parathyroid hormones

A

causes boen to release calcium into blood

- increase reabsorption of calcium in kidneys and intestine

79
Q

oxyphil cells

A

unknown

80
Q

anatomical features of the adrenal gland

A

sits above the kidneys

81
Q

structure of the adrenal glands

A

3 layers

  • capsule
  • cortex (zona glomerulosa, fasciata, reticular)
  • medulla (chromaffin cells- A and NA)
82
Q

which part of the adrenal glands secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

the medulla- chromaffin cells

83
Q

HPA axis

A

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

84
Q

which organs involved in HPA

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary (anterior)
Adrenal cortex

85
Q

in HPA the hypothalamus releases

A

corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

86
Q

in HPA the anterior pituitary releases

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

87
Q

in HPA the adrenal cortex releases

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgen (steroid)

88
Q

anatomical feature of the pancreas

A

head lies in the curvature of the dueodenum

tail lies close to the spleen

89
Q

histological features of pancrease

A

Acinar cells

Islet of Langerhans

Intercalated duct- interlobular duct- pancreatic duct

90
Q

pancreas has both

A

endocrine and exocrine function

91
Q

acinar cells

A

exocrine (pancreatic enzymes)

92
Q

islet of langerhans

A

endocrine

  • alpha- glucagon
  • beta- insulin
  • gamma- somatostatin

Revision lectures (Year 1) (17 decks)

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