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Revision lectures (Year 1) > MCGB Revision Lecture 1a > Flashcards

MCGB Revision Lecture 1a Flashcards

1
Q

which cells is the nucleus not found

A

RBC and platelets

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2
Q

where are pronucleus’ found

A

ovum and spermatozoa

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3
Q

how big is a nucleus

A

6nm

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4
Q

how to substances such as mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

via nuclear pores

- bilayer is very selective

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5
Q

role of nucleolus found at the centre the nucleus

A

rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit proteins

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6
Q

nucleoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the nucleus

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7
Q

chromatin is found

A

in the nucleoplasm

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8
Q

heterchromatin (dark)

A

condensed

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9
Q

euchromatin (white)

A

non- condensed

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10
Q

where are mitochondria not found

A

RBC- can only anaerobically respire

–> don’t use the oxygen they are carrying

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11
Q

outer membrane of mtichodnria

A

smooth

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12
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria called

A

cristae

- ETC (ATP production)

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13
Q

what happens in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

link reaction and krebs cycle

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14
Q

link reaction

A

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl co A

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15
Q

mitochondria has it own

A

DNA and ribosomes

- endosymbiotic theory

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16
Q

RER and SER present in all cells but

A

RBC

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17
Q

RER and SER structures

A

flattened sacs called cisternae

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18
Q

diff between RER and SER

A

RER around nucleus and SER around RER or in cytosol

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19
Q

function of RER

A

protein synthesis and packaging into vesicles

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20
Q

function of SER

A

detoxification, fatty acid synthesis, disulphide bond formation, storage of calcium, cholesterol metabolism

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21
Q

Golgi structure

A

flattened sacs making up cisternae

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22
Q

cis golgi

A

incoming vesicles and processing (glycosylation, sulfation, nitrosylation)

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23
Q

Golgi stack

A

cis, middle and trans cisterna

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24
Q

trans golfi

A

sorting vesicles and exiting

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25
Q

role of Golgi

A
  • Receiving, processing packaging and shipping of proteins

* Distribute to other organelles or out of the cell by exocytosis

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26
Q

lysosomes not found in

A

RBC

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27
Q

structure of lysosomes

A

Single membrane formed from the budding off Golgi apparatus

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28
Q

pH of lysosome

A

pH5

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29
Q

what are found within lysosomes

A

Hydrolases – protease, lipase, nuclease and polysaccharidases

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30
Q

function of lysosomes

A

Cleavage of organic substance and the destruction of dead organelles

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31
Q

lysosome are similar to

A

peroxisomes formed from the budding of SER. They synthesis bile acids and contain catalases and other oxygen dependent enzymes. They are also found in plant cells

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32
Q

cytoskeleton found in

A

all cells

  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
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33
Q

microtubules

A
  • polymers of globular tubulin
  • needed for centriole formation in cell division - maintains shape of cell and anchors organelles -form basal bodies to develop motile cilia
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34
Q

microfilaments

A
  • polymers of globular actin

- cell to cell interactions and cells to matrix

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35
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • fibrous protein

- maintains cell shape and cell to matrix interactions

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36
Q

bacterial cells have both

A

plasma membrane and cell wall

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37
Q

bacterial cell structures

A
  • capsule
  • pili
  • flagellum
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38
Q

outer coat of virus called

A

envelop, covered in envelope proteins

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39
Q

viral genes enveloped in

A

capsid

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40
Q

what comprises nucleic acid

A

sugar, phosphate head and base

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41
Q

reaction when nucleic acids polymerise

A

Condensation reaction between the hydroxyl group on Carbon 3 of one nucleotide to the phosphate group on the adjacent nucleotide, producing water as a by product.

42
Q

5’ end of DNA

A

phosphate head

43
Q

3’ end

A

hydroxyl end

44
Q

polarity

A

ability to create dipoles due to unequal distribution

45
Q

5’ end is

A

partially negative due to the electronegative oxygen

46
Q

3’ end is

A

partially positive due to the end of the hydrogen being starved of its electrons ti oxygen

47
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

48
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine and uracil

49
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between A and T

A

2 hydrogen bond

50
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between G and C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

◦Strongest bond

51
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between A and U

A

◦2 hydrogen bond

52
Q

difference between RNA and DNA

A

deoxyribose sugar in DNA

ribose sugar in RNA

53
Q

diff between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose has H group on 2’ carbon position

ribose has hydroxyl group in 2’ carbon position

54
Q

DNA nucleoside name of the base adenine

A

deoxyadenosine

55
Q

DNA nucleoside name of the base guanine

A

deoxyguanosine

56
Q

DNA nucleoside name of the base thymine

A

deoxythymidine

57
Q

DNA nucleoside name of the base cytosine

A

deoxycytidine

58
Q

DNA nucleotide name for adenine

A

deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP)

59
Q

DNA nucleotide name for cytosine

A

deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP)

60
Q

DNA nucleotide name for guanine

A

deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP)

61
Q

DNA nucleotide name for thymine

A

deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)

62
Q

RNA nucleoside name of the base adenine

63
Q

RNA nucleoside name of the base uracil

64
Q

RNA nucleoside name of the base cytosine

65
Q

RNA nucleoside name of the base guanine

66
Q

RNA nucleotide name for adenine

A

adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

67
Q

RNA nucleotide name for cytosine

A

cytidine monophosphate (CMP)

68
Q

RNA nucleotide name for uracil

A

uridine monophosphate (UMP)

69
Q

RNA nucleotide name for guanine

A

guanosine monophosphate (GMP)

70
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix

71
Q

how much DNA packaged into 6nm nucleus

72
Q

how is DNA packaged

A

DNA wraps around histones to form nucleosomes - ‘beads on a string’, this are then further condensed to form solenoids–> firmly compressed to form chromosomes

73
Q

the human genome

A

22 autosomes

2 sex chromosomes

74
Q

p arm on a chromosome

75
Q

q arm on a chromosome

76
Q

how many structures of chromosomes

A

4

  • telocentric
  • acrocentric
  • submetacentric
  • metacentric
77
Q

telocentric

A

centromere at the the top the q arm (not found in humans)

78
Q

acrocentric

A

centromere near the top of the top

- short p arm

79
Q

submetacentric

A

centromere near the centre- shortish p arms

80
Q

metacentric

A

centromere right in the middle of p and q arms

81
Q

beads on a string structure

A

euchromatin

  • more accessible for replication
  • gene expression
82
Q

solenoids structure

A

heterochromatin

  • less accessible for replication
  • genes are silenced
83
Q

methylation of DNA (methyl added to cysteine)

A

reduces expression

84
Q

acetylation of histones

A

increases expression

85
Q

cell cycle summary

A

M –> G1 –> S –> G2

86
Q

where does G0 occur

A

after mitosis

- temp arrest

87
Q

G1

A

11h

cellular contents excluding the chromosomes are duplciated

88
Q

S

A

8 h

each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

89
Q

G2

A

4h

the cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes and makes repairs

90
Q

Mitosis

A

1hr

production of two identical daughter cells

91
Q

interphase

A

all phases except mitosis

92
Q

where are the checkpoints in cell cycle

A

G1

G2

Spindle checkpoing

93
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

checks for

  • cell size
  • cell nutrients
  • growth factors
  • DNA damage
94
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

check for

  • DNA damage
  • DNA replication completeness
95
Q

Spindle checkpoint

A

check all chromosomes are attached to the spindle at the metaphase plate

96
Q

which proteins have a role in controlling cell cycle

A

CYCLINS

- activate cyclin dependent kinases

97
Q

cyclins are activated by

A

growth factors

98
Q

cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) complexes

A

activate transcription factor E2F

99
Q

E2F induces

A

S phase proteins to trigger DNA replication

100
Q

cyclins are different for each

A

stage of cell cycle

e. g. G1 cyclin
e. g. G1/S cyclin
e. g. S cyclin
e. g. M cyclin

Revision lectures (Year 1) (17 decks)

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