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Revision lectures (Year 1) > Body logistics (7-12) > Flashcards

Body logistics (7-12) Flashcards

1
Q

how are exocrine glands classified

A

shape

simple/ compound

type of secretion

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2
Q

exocrine glands shape

A
  • tubular

- acinar

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3
Q

tubular

A

elongated

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4
Q

acinar

A

grape shape

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5
Q

simple exocrine glands

A

drain to one duct

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6
Q

compound exocrine glands

A

multiple ducts drain to common duct

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7
Q

structure of a gland

A

duct portion at the top where products secreted

secretory portion- main, lower body of the duct

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8
Q

types of exocrine secretion

A

serous

mucous

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9
Q

serous

A

watery proteinaceous fluids

- lubrications

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10
Q

mucous

A

mucus rich in glycoprotein

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11
Q

a common unicellular gland

A

goblet cell

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12
Q

goblet cell

A

simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus

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13
Q

where are goblet cells found

A
  • upper resp tract

- jejunum, colon

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14
Q

function of goblet cell (unicellular)

A
  • lubrication
  • protection
  • trap dust and microbes
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15
Q

parotid salivary gland is the

A

biggest salivary gland

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16
Q

parotid gland secretion type

A

serous- salivary amylase

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17
Q

what innervates the parotid salivary gland

A

parasympathetic innervation

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18
Q

function of parotid salivary glands

A
  • secrete enzyme- digest food

- secret serous- lubricates bolus

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19
Q

duct system in parotid glands

A

Acinar (where serous and mucous membranes are found)–> intercalated duct –> striated duct –> interlobular duct –> principle duct

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20
Q

submandibular gland found

A

a salivary gland found on the jaw

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21
Q

secretion type of submandibular glands

A

serous, mucous and mix (demilune)

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22
Q

stimulation of submandibular

A

parasympathetic- watery saliva (enzyme)

sympathetic- thick saliva (mucus)

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23
Q

where are myoepithelial cells found

A

role in normal mammary glands

- wraps around the edges of luminal acinar cells (where serous produced)

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24
Q

role of myoepithelial cells

A

able to contract- expelling luminal continents from acinar e.g. milk

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25
Q

features of myoepithelial cells

A

flattened nuclei- diff to see in histology

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26
Q

what give myoepithelial cells the ability to contract

A

actin and mysoin filaments

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27
Q

anatomical location of the ,liver

A

upper right abdomen- below diaphragm

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28
Q

histological features of liver

A

parenchymal and non parenchymal cells

  • hepatocytes
  • kupffer cell
  • stellate cells
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29
Q

hepatocyte role

A

storage of iron, fat soluble vitamins and glycogen

synthesis of protein, bile, cholesterol

breakdown of hormones, drugs and toxins

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30
Q

kupffer cells

A

ingest pathogens

recycle RBC

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31
Q

stellate cells

A

vitamine A storage

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32
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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33
Q

myoglobin present in

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

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34
Q

which muscle type. has voluntary control

A

skeletal

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35
Q

which muscle has involuntary control

A

cardiac and smooth

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36
Q

nerve muscle communication in skeletal muscle

A

direct

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37
Q

nerve-muscle communication in cardiac

A

indirect

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38
Q

nuclei arrangement ins skeletal muscle

A

right on the periphery

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39
Q

nuclei arrangment in cardiac and smooth

A

central

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40
Q

which muscle is striated

A

skeletal and cardiac

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41
Q

1 muscle fibre =

A

1 striated muscle cell

  • many myofibrils
  • nucleus on periphery
  • T tubules
  • mitochondria (sacrosome)
  • sarcolemma
  • sarcoplasm
  • SR
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42
Q

a band

A

dark- thick myosin filament and slight cross over with thin actin

  • stays same size during contraction
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43
Q

I bands

A

light- thin actin filament

- get smaller

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44
Q

z disc

A

middle of the I band

- get closer during contraction

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45
Q

M band

A

in the middle of the sarcomere

46
Q

myofibrils forms

A

muscle fibre

47
Q

muscle fibers form

A

muscle fascicles

48
Q

muscle fascicles form

A

skeletal muscle

49
Q

muscle contraction at the NMJ

A

1) Nervous impulse arrive at NMJ
2) Ach released into synaptic cleft- binds to each receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
3) depolarisation of sarcolemma
4) voltage-gates Na+ channels opens nd sodium enters the cell
5) depolarisations reads across the sarcolemma and down into the T tubules
6) Voltage gated ca channels of terminal cisternae open
7) calcium released into sarcoplasm
8) Ca binds to TnC (subunit of troponin)- contractile cycle intitiated

50
Q

myasthenia gravis is what type of disease

A

autoimmune

51
Q

summary of myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies block NAch receptors- reducing sympathetic transmission–> muscle weakeness

52
Q

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A
  • ptosis, diplopia
  • fatigue at end of day
  • loss of breathing control (myasthenia crisis)
53
Q

treatment of MG

A
  • immunosuppressive drugs

- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

54
Q

botulism and the NMJ

A

clostridium botulinum produces botulinum Toxin A

- block NT release at motor end plate

55
Q

clinical use of botulinum A

A

muscle spasms, wrinkles

56
Q

organophosphate poisoning

A

inhibits Ach esterase–> continuous Ach activity at NMJ

57
Q

symptoms of organophosphate poisoning

A

cholinergic toxidrome

58
Q

cholinergic toxidrome Muscarinic symptoms

A 
S- salivation
L- Lacrimation
U- urination
D- defecation
G- GI cramping
E- emesis
59
Q

cholinergic toxidrome nicotinic symptoms

A 
M- muscle cramps
T- tacky cardia
W- weakness
T- twitching
F- fasciculations
60
Q

sliding filement model

A

1) myosin head hydrolyses App to ADP + P, reorientates itself and reenergises
2) Myosin heads bid to actin- cross bridges forms, P is released
3) myosin head tilts towards the centre of the sarcomere, ADP is released
4) New ATO binds to myosin head- cross bridge detach from actin

61
Q

Skeletal muscle histology

A
  • peripheral
  • striated
  • 3 contractile cell types
62
Q

name the 3 contractile cell types of skeletal muscle

A
  • Slow twitch- type 1
  • fast twitch
  • -> Type 2A
  • -> Type 2B
63
Q

Type 1 skeletal fibres

A

slow twitch

  • rich capillary supply
  • aerobic
  • high myoglobin levels
  • many mitochondria
  • many cytochromes
  • red
  • fatigue resistant
  • endurance type activities
  • standing/ walking
64
Q

Type 2A muscle fibres

A

fast twitch

  • rich capillary supply
  • aerobic
  • high myoglobin
  • many intermediate mitochondrial numbers
  • many cytochromes
  • red to pink
  • moderate fatigue resistance
  • assists type 1 and type 2B actiivites
  • standing/ walking
65
Q

Type 2B muscle fibres

A

fast twitch

  • poor capillary supply
  • anaerobic
  • low myoglobin levels
  • few mitochondria
  • few cytochromes
  • white
  • rapidly fatigues
  • strengths/ anaerobic type activities
  • e.g. sprinting
66
Q

which muscle fibres are red/ pink

A

Type 1 and Type 2A

- myoglobin

67
Q

which muscle fibres are white

A

Type 2B- fastest twitch

- no myoglobin

68
Q

cardiac muscle histology

A

Nuclei- central and large

  • striations
  • intercalated discs
  • branching
  • sarcomere not fully developed
  • no T tubules
  • 1 contractile cell tyope
69
Q

Purkunje fibres

A

no contractile machinery

- many glycogen and gap junctions

70
Q

purkunje fibres in the heart allow

A

rapid conduct- ventricles contract in synchronous manner

71
Q

smooth muscle hisotlogy

A

Nuclei- central and large

  • fusiform (spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends)
  • non striated
  • no T tubules
  • 1 contractile cell type
72
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

repeated exercise –> microtears of muscle fibres–> new and extra myofibrils added

73
Q

muscle atrophy

A

caused byL immobilisartion, denervation of muscle and muscular dystrophy
- wasting of muscle tissue due to lack of use

74
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy inheritance

A

X-linked recessive

- dystrophin gene mutation

75
Q

pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A
  • absence of dystrophin
  • excess calcium enter muscle cell
  • calcium uptakes by mitochondria
  • water drawn into mitochondria- burst
  • rhabdomyolysis
  • CK and myoglobin released into plasma
76
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly

77
Q

symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A
  • shoulders arms held backwards
  • belly sticks out
  • thin, weak thighs
  • poor balance
78
Q

definition of connective tissue

A

tissue that connects, supports, binds or separates other tissues or organs

79
Q

structures of connective tissues

A

Cells, fibres and ground substance

80
Q

which cells make up connective tissue

A
  • fibroblasts
  • adipocytes
  • reticular cells
81
Q

which fibres make up connective tissue

A

collagen, elastin, reticular fibres

82
Q

what makes up ground substance

A
  • Viscous clear substance with slippery feel (high water content)
  • Composed of proteoglycans called GAGs e.g. hyaluronic acids
83
Q

what makes up the ECM in connective tissue

A

ground substance and fibers

84
Q

function of connective tissue

A
  • binding
  • supporting
  • protecting
  • insulating
  • separation of tissue
85
Q

fibroblasts secrete

A

procollagen

86
Q

myofibroblast

A

wound contractionwo

87
Q

adipocte

A

fat storage

88
Q

mesenchymal stem cells

A

replenish cells

89
Q

mast cells

A

histamine release

90
Q

macrophages

A

APCs

91
Q

types of fibres found in ECM of connective tissue

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

92
Q

collagen has

A

high tensile strength and flexibility

93
Q

how many types of collagen

A

5

94
Q

type I collagen

A 
most common (90%)
- tendons, ligaments, dermis
95
Q

type II collagen

A

hyaline and elastic cartilage

96
Q

type III collagen

A

lymphoid tissues and organs

RETICULIN

97
Q

type IV collagen

A

basement membrane- epithelial tissue

98
Q

Type V

A

skin, placenta

99
Q

elastic fibres in connective tissue

A

elastin and fibrillin

100
Q

features of ECM- ground substance

A

gel like extracellular space that contains proteoglycans

101
Q

proteoglycan

A

core protein with covalently bonded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

102
Q

GAG

A

very hydrophilic

  • permits rapid diffusion
  • resist compression
103
Q

loose connective tissue function

A

holds vessels

  • permits migration
  • stabilities organs
104
Q

composition of loose connective tissue

A
  • highly cellular
  • sparse fibres
  • abundant ground substance
105
Q

distribution of loose connective tissue

A

capillaries, lamina propria

- around glands

106
Q

dense connective tissue can be

A

regular and irregular

107
Q

dense connective tissue general composition

A

few cells

- abundant fibres- collagen

108
Q

irregular dense connective tissue

A
  • contains fibroblasts
  • Collagen I fibres in all directions
  • resists stress in all directions
109
Q

examples of irregular dense connective tissue

A
  • deep layers of the dermis

- submucosa of intestine

110
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A
  • cotnains fbroplastas
  • collagen 1 fibres in parallel
  • resists stress in only one direction
111
Q

examples of regular dense connective tissue

A
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • aponeuroses

Revision lectures (Year 1) (17 decks)

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