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Revision lectures (Year 1) > Body Logistics (1-3) > Flashcards

Body Logistics (1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis definition

A

physiological process by which internal systems of the body are amitnaied at dynamic equilibrium despite variations in factors both intrinsic and extrinsic that impinges upon that ssytems

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2
Q

examples of negative feedback

A

temperature
pH
Water

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3
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

Child birth

Blood clotting

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4
Q

Homeostatic mechanism

A

variable–> sensory –> control centre–> effector

1) stimulus proceeds change in variable
2) changes detected by receptor
3) inout information sent along afferent pathway to
4) output: information sent along efferent pathways
5) response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and return variable to homeostasis

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5
Q

normal temp range

A

36.5-37.5

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6
Q

hypothermia

A

<35

  • shivering
  • cold, pale skin
  • slurred speech
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7
Q

hyperthermia

A

> 38

  • excessive sweating
  • clammy skin
  • thirst
  • tachypnea
  • tachycardia
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8
Q

where to measure body temp

A 
mouth
ear
armpit
rectums
temporal
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9
Q

FEVER IS BETWEEN

A

37.5- 38.2

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10
Q

therapeutic hypothermia

A
  • comatose cardiac arrest- neuroprotective

- neonatal encephalopathy

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11
Q

therapeutic hyperthermia

A

tumours

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12
Q

how does infection pyrexia

A

infection produces pyrogens –> stimulate IL1 production by macrophage –> increase set point of hypothalamus –> heat generation initiated –> 38.5

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13
Q

rigor

A

heat accompanied by shivering

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14
Q

febrile seizure

A

seizure associated with high temperature without any serious underlying health issue
- affects 6 months - 5 years

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15
Q

normal pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

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16
Q

arterial blood pH vs venous

A

7.45 and 7.35

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17
Q

pH =

A

-log[H+]

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18
Q

small change in [H+]

A

big change in pH

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19
Q

death related pH

A

<6.8/ >8.0

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20
Q

acidosis

A

<7.35

- headaches, confusion, fatigue, tremors, coma

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21
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

lactic acid build up

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22
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation

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23
Q

osmolarity

A

conc of solutes per litre (mOsm/L)

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24
Q

osmolality

A

conc of solutes per kg (most/kg)

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25
Q

types of solution

A

hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic

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26
Q

hypotonic

A

osmolarity higher in cells, net movement of water into cells

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27
Q

isotonic

A

osmolarity equal on both sides- no net movement of water

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28
Q

hypertonic

A

osmolarity higher in solution, net movement of water out of cells

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29
Q

total body mass of females

A

45% solids

55% fluids

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30
Q

total body mass of males

A

40% solids

60% fluids

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31
Q

how much of fluids is ICF

A

2/3

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32
Q

how much of fluids is ECF

A

1/3

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33
Q

how much fluid found in interstitial fluid (ECF)

A

80%

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34
Q

how much fluid found in plasma (ECF)

A

20%

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35
Q

when blood is centrifued

A

plasma at top, white blood cells in middle and RBC a the bottom

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36
Q

starling forces

A

hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

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37
Q

oedema

A

abornul fluid accumulation in interstitial

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38
Q

oedema causes

A
  • increased HP
  • decreased OP in capillaries
  • increased OP in interstitial
  • impaired lymphatic drainage
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39
Q

symptoms of dehydration in adults

A

dry mouth, thirsty, fatigue, low urine output, conc urine

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40
Q

symptoms of dehydration in children

A

sunken eye, sunk fontanelles and cold skin

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41
Q

symptoms of dehydration in elderly

A

confusion, low BP

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42
Q

water intoxication causes

A

decrease in Na+ in blood plasma

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43
Q

decreases [Na+] in blood plasma

A

muscle weakness
seizure
coma
unconsciousness

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44
Q

which cells can be seen with naked eye

A

Oocyte (200um)

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45
Q

smallest organelle seen with light microscope

A

mitochondria

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46
Q

smallest organelle seen with electron microscope

A

ribosome

47
Q

definition of tissue

A

an aggregate of cells of a particular kind which work together to carry out specific functions

48
Q

importance of histology

A
  • visualise connects and architecture of cells

- distinguish between certain pathologies (benign or malignant)

49
Q

common biopsy techniques

A

1) Curettage
- scraping method for uterine tissue

2) Needle aspiration
- bone marrow, synovial fluid, thyroid tissue

3) Transvascular
- Venepuncture, ABG analysis

50
Q

tissue fixing purpose

A

preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction

51
Q

two types of tissue fixing

A
  • paraffin-embedded tissue section

- frozen section

52
Q

paraffin-embedded tissue section

A
  • formalin- preserve tissue, prevent rotting
  • melted paraffin wax- embedded tissue for slicing
  • microtome- slice tissue to thin clices
  • H&E sraining
53
Q

frozen section

A
  • surgical specimen frozen to -20 and -30 degrees
  • cyrostat- slice tissue
  • H&E staining
54
Q

fixation artifacts

A

changes brought about in tissues as a result of human activity

55
Q

1m =

A

x1000 = 1um

56
Q

1um=

A

x1000= 1nm

57
Q

artefact: tissue shrinkage occurs when

A

left in fixative too long–> dehydrated

58
Q

artefact= formalin pigments

A

produced in acidic conditions

59
Q

H&E staining

A

Haematoxylin binds to DNA/RNA (binds to acid)

Eiosin: cytoplasm, extracellular matrix (binds to rpptoeins

60
Q

H

A

stain blue

61
Q

E

A

stain red

62
Q

fat cannot be seen

A

dissolves in formaldehyde

63
Q

RBC and H&E

A

white in middle- no protein or DNA

64
Q

immunofluorescence

A

antibody labelled with fluorescent makers

65
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

antibody labelled with fluorescent marker

- antibody bind to antigen- fluorophor emits visibile light

66
Q

Types of light microscope

A
  • phase contrast
  • dark field
  • confocal microscopy
67
Q

Phase contrast microscope mechanism

A
  • converts phase shift light (invisible) through transparent specimen to brightness changes in image
  • no staining required
68
Q

dark field microscope mechanism

A
  • illuminate sample with light that will not be collected by objective lens
  • form dark background
  • no staining required
69
Q

confocal microscopy microscope mechanism

A
  • capture multiple 2D images at diff depths to reconstruct 3D structures
  • use with Immunofluorescence
70
Q

limit of resolution

A

smallest distance by which two objects can be distinguished

71
Q

advantages of electron microscope

A
  • higher magnification (x500,000)

- higher resolution (0.25nm)

72
Q

disadvantage of electron microscope

A

difficult to use, expensive, dead sample, heavy metal staining

73
Q

advantage of light

A
  • low skill
  • alive samples
  • takes short amount of time
74
Q

specimens used in paraffin-embedded tissue section

A

fixed tissue

75
Q

specimens use in frozen section

A

fresh tissue

76
Q

making time of paraffin-embedded tissue section

A

24-48hours

77
Q

making time of frozen section

A

10-20 mins

78
Q

saving time of paraffin-embedded tissue section

A

permanent

79
Q

saving time of frozen section

A

months

80
Q

morphology under microscopy: embedded tissue section

A

clarity

81
Q

morphology under microscope: frozen section

A

opacity

82
Q

application of paraffin embedded tissue

A

pathological diagnosis

83
Q

application iof frozen section

A

intraoperative consultation

84
Q

cell adherence system (4)

A
  • cell-cell adhesion molecules
    (tight and adhesion junction)
  • extracellular matrix protein
    ( basement membrane, GAGs, fibrous protein-n collagen)
  • scaffolding
    (internal cytoskeleton)
  • close proximity
    (each layer packed closely together- pressure affect)
85
Q

cell adherence systems on the lateral surface

A
  • tight junctions
  • adheren junction
  • desmosome
  • gap junction
  • cell adhesion moelcules
86
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent movement of large molecules into deeper tissue.

87
Q

adherence junction

A

join actin bundle, stabilising tissue

88
Q

desmosomes

A

join intermediate filaments- providing mechanical strength

- cardiac muscle and bladder tissue

89
Q

gap junctions

A

allows movement of small molecules

90
Q

cell adhesion molecules (3)

A

1) Integrin
2) selectin
3) CAM

91
Q

cell adherence systems on the basal surface

A
  • focal adhesion
  • hemi-desmosme
  • integrin
  • membrane proteoglycan
92
Q

focal adhesion

A

anchors actin filaments to basal lamina

93
Q

hemi-desmosomes

A

anchors intermediate filaments to basal lamina

94
Q

integrin

A

anchors actin filament to extracellular matrix

- signal transduction from ECM to cell

95
Q

membrane proteoglycan

A

major component of ECM, binds cations and water- regulates movement of molecules through matrix

96
Q

mucosa made up of

A

epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosa (ELM

97
Q

layers of a blood vessel

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • sub mucosa
  • muscular propria
  • adventitia
98
Q

basement membrane

A

thin acellular layer where epithelial cells are anchored

  • basal lamina and reticular lamina
99
Q

role of mucosa in GI tract

A

secrete mucous and absorption

100
Q

role of submucosa in GI tract

A

lymphatic vessels, arteries, veins and nerves

101
Q

structure of muscularis external in GI tract

A
  • inner circular

- outer longitudinal

102
Q

serosa of the GI tract

A

blood& and lymph vessel

- continuous with mesenteries

103
Q

urinary tract composed of

A

ureters, bladder and urethra

104
Q

ureter structure

A
  • Mucosa (transitional epithelial cells)
  • lamina propria
  • muscular (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
105
Q

bladder and urethra structure

A
  • muscosa (b-transitional and u-squamous epithelium)
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis (detrusor muscle)
  • adventitia
106
Q

portions of the respiratory tract are either ….. or….

A

conducting or respiratory

107
Q

conducting portions

A

nasal cavity –> terminal bronchioles

108
Q

respiratory portions

A

respiratory bronchioles –> alveoli

109
Q

structure of trachea and primary bronchi

A
  • Mucosa (EL)
  • submucosa
  • cartilage (perichondrium)
110
Q

structure of secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

similar as tracheostomy’s but cartilage not present as full ring
- supported by smooth muscle

111
Q

Alveolus structure

A
  • epithelium (simple squamous) attached to basal lamina
  • Type 1 pneumocytes
  • Type 2 pneumocytes
  • collage, elastic fibres etc
112
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes

A

gas exchange

113
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes

A

produce surfactant

Revision lectures (Year 1) (17 decks)

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