Trematodes sukka Flashcards
Typical features of Trematodes: body shape: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ segmented?: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ body cavity?: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ GI Tract:: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Separate sexes?: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ All parasitic?: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
body shape: Flat/oval or leaf like segmented?: No body cavity?: No GI Tract:: Yes, no anus Separate sexes?: No except a few species All parasitic?: Yes
All flukes of domestic animals are ____
digeneans
What is characteristic about Digenea life cycles?
Require one or more IH
#1 usually a mollusk
alternate asexual and sexual stages
General characteristics of digenean trematodes: body
body is flattened dorso ventrally
non segmented
leaf like shape
vary in size
General characteristics of digenean trematodes: external covering
Tegument
Syncytium- lacks ditinct cell boundaries
metabolically active (absorption/secretion)
may contain microvilli, spines, etc
T/F trematodes are coelomate organisms
FALSE- they are acoelmate- lack body cavity/coelom
organs are suspended in paranchyma
T/F in general the body part of the trematode responsible for absorption/secretion, the tegument, is located underneath the muscle layer
FALSE, muscle layer is under the tegument, it provides sluggish locomotion
How many suckers does the typical trematode have, where are they located?
Two;
anterior= oral sucker
ventral= acetabulum
T/F in genreal the mouth opening of trematodes is located within the oral sucker
FALSE located within the anterior sucker
T/F in general tematodes do not have teeth/lips
True
What are the 3 parts of teh typical trematodes digestive tract?
muscular pharynx, esophagus, blind gut/cecum
Since they dont have a b-hole… what happens to ingested food
cecal contents are regurgitated “Fluke Puke”
What is important about the typical characteristics of the Repro tract of tematodes?
Hermaphroditic
morphology of uterus, ovaries, testis of diagnostic value
How are trematode eggs detected?
Via sedimentation
What may be added to fecal sedimentation analysis for trematodes?
methylene blue
What are the 7 stages of the general life cycle of trematodes?
Adult Egg- (developing embryo enclosed by shell, usually has operculum) Miracidium Sporocysts Rediae Cercariae Metacercariae
What is a miracidium?
ciliated free swimming larvaa; enters snail intermediate host
T/F The sporocyst stage is essential for the development of the GI tract of trematodes
FALSE it doesnt have a GI tract
T/F The rediae stage is essential for the development of the GI tract of trematodes
TRUE-ish this is the stage where the rudimentary digestive tract develops
____ is the stage at which the trematode leaves the snail
cercadiae
____ is the stage w/in the 2nd IH or encysted on vegetation
metacercariae
____ is the infective stage of the trematode life cycle
metacercariae
How do companion animals typically acwuire Digenea trematodes?
acquired by eating fish, reptiles, amphibians, crustacians
What are the common digenea worms we learned for companion animals and the species they infect?
Nanophyteus salmincola (dog) Platynosomum fastosum (cat) Alaria spp (Dog/cat) Paragonimus kellicotti (Dog)
How do RMTs typically acquire digenea trematodes?
acquired by eating metacercariae on vegetatiojn or ants
What are the common digenea worms we learned for RMTs and the species they infect?
Fasciola hepatica (Cattle>sm RMT)
Fascioloides magna (Deer, domestic RMT accidental)
Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Sheep>dom RMT, cervids)
Paramphistomum (Cattle>sm RMT)
Cotylophorum (sm RMT>Cattle)
What digenean trematode is known for infecting ants?
Dicrocoelium
this fluke’s real significance is that it is a vector for 2 rickettsial diseases
Nanophyetus salmoncida
What are the definitive and IH of N. salmoncida?
DH fish eating mammals, primarily raccons and spotted skunk, canines
IH 1 is snails that inhabit fresh/brackish water on coasts of WA, OR, CA
IH2 salmonid fishes
Why do we only see infections of Nanophyetus salmoncida in Pacific Northwest?
Only place that has BOTH intermediate hosts available
snail distribution is the major factor
outline the life cycle of Nanophyetus salmoncida
Adults pass eggs in feces
Miracidium develp in egg in environment in 3 mo
Miracidium hatches, penetrates snail, undergoes asexual reprod -> cercaia
Cercaira exit snail, penetrate fish, encyst as metacercaria in tissues
DH eats metacercaria in fish; can live 5 years, infective for several mo at low temp
Metacercariae excyst from fish tissue in DH attach to SI mucosa and mature to adults
What are the typical ckinical signs of N. salmoncida infection?
can cause superficial enteritis and possibly a hemorrhagic enteritis
What are the 2 rickettsial diseases associated with Nanophyetus salmoncida? which is more deadly?
“Salmon poisoning”- more deadly
Elokomin fluke fever
What is salmon poisoning/clin signs?
Neorickettsia helminthoeca
ONLY IN CANIDS
sudden onset, incubation 5-7
anorexia/high fever
purulent ocular discharge
vomiting, profuse, +/- hemorrhagic diarrhea
enlarged lymphnodes
What is the prognosis of “salmonoid poisoning”
60-90% mortality if untreated in 5-7 days
survivors immune
What causes Elokomin fluke fever, what are the clinical signs of it?
another strain Neorickettsia hemlinthoeca
clinical signs occur in a broader host range (not canids), high morbity, low mortality
signs similar to salmoidm but not as severe
What are the diagnosis and treatment of the rickettsial diseases?
Diagnosis:
fluke eggs in feces supportative evidence
detect rickettsia in lymph node aspirate
Tx
for both:
oxytetracyline IV
other tetracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins
What species are infected with Alaria spp?
Several canids, felids, and mink
What are the IH hosts of Alaria?
1 is snail
2 is frog or toad
paratenic hosts- frogs, rodents, snakes etc
Where do cycles of Alaria primarily occur?
primarily in northern half of US
can occur in dogs/cats allowed to roam
Describe the adult Alaria
small flukes ~2-6mm long
anterior portion of body expanded and flattened
posterior body is rounded
Is there anything special about Alaria eggs?
meh i guess the very faint suture line for the operculum?
Alarie life cycle… GO!
DH ingests paratenic or IH2
mesocercaria released from muscles, migrate to lungs become metacercaria
migrates via blodd, or body cavities to lungs
coughed up/swallowed
develop to adults in SI
Clinical signs associated w/ Alaria
usually asymptomatic
heavy infection- duodentitis
wandering worms- associated pathology
adults are short lived
What happens if a human is an accidental host how deos it happen?
Fatalities associated w/ eating frog legs
ingest mesocercaria in PH of 2nd IH
___ this fluke is associated w/ crayfish
Paragonimus kellicoti
What are the hosts of Paragonimus kellicoti?
natural DH: mink, muskrat,
IH1 aquatic or amphibious snails
IH2 fresh water crayfish
How is DH infected with Paragonimus kellicoti?
Eats crayfish containing metacercaria
What do teh adult Paragonimus look like?
kinda like Mr potatoehead…
1.2 to 3/4 inch ling, ovoid, fleshy
reddish grey to mottled when fresh
SPINES ON THE TEGUMENT
What is teh key characterisitc of P.. kellicoti eggs?
distinctive operculum with thickened collar at suture line
What is Paragonimus life cycel in the DH?
Metacercariae excyst in gut
enter peritoneal cavity
migrate through diaphragm to lungs
penetreate lungs
mature to adults in cycsts (2 flukes/cyst
cyst comm w/ bronchioles
eggs coughed up, swallowed passed in feces
What are the clinical signs of P. kellicoti?
respiratory signs lethargy intermittent cough rusty colored sputum death if infection severe cysts develop in other organs
What is the pathology associated w/ larval migration of P. kellicoti?
eosinophilic peritonities, pleuritis, myositis
multifocal pleural hemorrhages
What do the cysts associated with adult P. kellitcoti look like?
reddish purple cysts 2-3cm in lung paranchyma, contain brownish fluid
thick wall
often near lung surface
what is the pathology of adult P. kellicoti flukes?
In the lungs so…
chronic bronchitis- hyperplasia of epithelium
chronic eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia associated w. degenerating eggs in alveoli
How is Paragonimus kellicoti diagnosed?
detect eggs in feces, sputum, or tracheal wash by flotation or sedimentation
detect cysts in the lungs w/ radiographs
T/F Paragonimus kellicoti has a thing for the left cranial lung libe
FALSE it is the right caudal lung lobe
T/F the detection of cysts on a radiograph is definitive for diagnosing Paragonimus kellicoti
False, it is only suggestive
What is used to treat P/ kellicoti infections?
All extra label drugs,
Praziquantel
Clinics at ISU use Fenbendazole
Albendazole
Infections with ____ is referred to as lizard poisoning
PLatynosomum fastosum
What species is known for Platynsomomum fastosum infections?
Occurs in cats in the tropics, souther USA, Hawaii
What are the hosts of P. fastosum?
DH cats
IH snails, reptiles/amphibians
Describe the adults of P. fastosum:
tiny flukes, mainly in liver and bile ducts
cause hepatic dysfunction
CLin signs assocaited w/ Patynosomum fastosum:
anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting, ICTERUS
has been associaed w/ hepatic neoplasia
____ is used to treat the liver fluke P. fastosum
Praziquantel
What are the 3 important liver flukes?
Fasciola hepatica- common liver fluke
Fascioloides magna- large american liver fluke
Dicrocoelium dendriticum- lancet fluke
____ most economically impotant and common fluke of RMTs worldwide wide wide
Fasciola hepatica
F. hepatica casues:
fascioliasis “liver rot”
Where is F. hepatica edemic? do we see it in MW?
Edemic to Gulf coast/Pacific NW, but cattle are shipped errywhere
Whats host situation for Fasciola hepatica?
DH: numerous species including man, just about all RMTs CATTLE ARE THE IMPORTANT ONE
IH lymneid snails, right handed shell? amphibious
Where do you finf F. hepatica adults?
bile ducts, pass eggs via bile to GI tract and out feces
How long does miracidium live in water berfore it dies?
Develops in the egg in water,
ciliated, swims inseach of smail, can survive 12 hours
undergoes asexual reproduction in snail
What stage of F. hepatica emerges from the snail and how many of them are there?
Cercaria emerge from snail… kinda look like a tad pole…
one little fucker miracidium produces 500 of those little bastards
What happens to the F. hepatica cercaria once they leave the snail?
encyst on vergetation as metacercaria
plants on edge of strea,/pond
await ingestion by DH
can survive about a year under ideal conditions, 1-2 months on silage
killed by heat dessication-
What is dessiccation?
Brewer must have been on cross word kick because it make more sense to just say drying out
What path do metacercariae take once eaten?
excyst in intestinf, pentrate gut wall, migrate in peritoneal cavity for several days
penetrate liver capsule
wander around for 7 days
enter bile duct and mature to adults
THE SECOND LECTURE OF TREMATODES…. BREWER GAVE US A LIST OF WORMS/HOST/ADUTLS/FUNCFACTS… BE ABLE TO LIST IT OUT
WE WILL DO THIS ONCE WE REVIEW… JUST PUT THIS IN HERE FOR A GOOD REVIEW
What are the 3 parts of a miracidium?
apical papilla
Eye spots
germ cells
What are apical papilla?
Miracidum structure contian glands that produce enzymes to facilitate entry into snail tissue
What are eye spots?
Miracidum structure for seeing!
What are germ cells?
Miracidum structure cells divide asexually to from the next larval generation
What structures do sporocytes lack ?
HAVE a tegument and germ cells
NO GI TRACT
What are redia?
Pharynx/intestine, feeds on snail tissue
What are the three ways sporocysts develops into carcaria?
Mother sporocyst-> daughter sporocyst-> Cercaria
Mother sporocyst-> mother redia-> daughter redia-> Cercaria
Mother sporocyst-> mother redia->cercaria
What is a cercariae?
immature adult with a GI tract excretory system but no gonads
free swimming
When is metacercaria formed?
when cercaria lose their tail and become enclsoed in a cyst
secretions from the aprasite and sometimes the 2 IH contribute to the cyst
contains most structures of adults but no egg pdx
What do F. hepatica adutls look like?
1/2 to 1 in flat leaf shaped anterior comes to shoulders reddish-grey brown
anything characteristic about eggs?
look strongyle type ish but much bigger
T/F best method for detection of F. hepatica eggs is a liver tissue smear
NO.. that doesnt evn make sense… it is sedimentation
What is the ideal sanil habitiat?
slightly acidic soil plus slow moving water
What do snails do in dry/freezing conditions?
estivate
parasites survive in estivating snails
What effects F. hepatica transmission in regards to snails?
Transmission highly dependent on weather
influences numbers and survival of snails
large pop can build quickly
wet conditions can support snails
BUT dry conditions push cattle to wet areas.. so incidence increases
What are the signs of acute fascioliasis
Due to larval migrations in the liver
anorexia, depression, weakness
possible sudden death
T/F Fasciolasis is more of a chronic issue in cattle
True
What determines the pathogenesis of larval migration of F. hepatica?
determined by numbers
hemorrhage +/- death if high number of larvae penetrate liver capsule
migration in liver destroys parenchyma and pdx hemorrhagic tracts “liver rot” that becomes fibrotic
reduced capacity to pdx edema
What does the impeded liver fx w/ F. hepatica lead to grossly?
Decreased pdx of albumin decreases oncotic pressure resulting in edema
BOTTLE JAW
If you see a RMT with bottle jaw what are your top three differentials
haemonchus
bunostomum
F. hepaticas
What clinical signs are associated w/ chronic fascioliasis?
adults in bile ducts anemia, pale mucous membranes +/- icterus bottle jaw disrupted digestion loss of condition, decreased pdx death, more likely in sheep NON seasonal, liver damage is cumulative
Adult Fasciola hepatica pdx____ that inhibits erythropoiesis
proline
What causes the physical damge to liver assocaited w/ F hepatica?
SPINES
What gross lesion of the liver is associated with Fascioliasis?
pipe stem liver
adults in bile ducts cause bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis and calcification
What is blacks disease?
Compication of Fasciolasis
Clostridium novyi
larval fluke migration creates ideal conditions for it to proliferate- anearobic necrotic areas
acutely fatal in sheep
T/F acute fascioliasis is undetectable
TRUE
How do we diagnose fasciolaiss?
exposure to edemic areas
detect eggs by fecal sedimentation
fluke finder
find them at necropsy/slaughter
What is used to treat fascioliasis
Clorsulon
albendazole
both labeled for cattle only
What is clorsulon?
inhibits metabolic enzymes of wrom (3 phophoglycerate kinase and phosphoglyceromutase
What is albendazole?
kills adults only
terratogen- not for use in oprego animals
How do you prevent/control F. hepatica?
manage snail habitat… fence off wet areas, drain them
Prophylatic use of clorsulon
____ known as the large North American Lever fluke
Fascioloides magna
Where is Fascioloides magna edemic?
morthern MN, WI, MI
areas of NW and SW US
Whats the sit rep on hosts for Fascioloides magna?
Natural DH- white tailed deer
accidental host- domestic RMT, other cervids, camelids
IH- aquatic right handed lymneid snails
T?F fasciloides magna adults are 3-4 inches with broad god like shoulders
FALSE are you effing kidding me? they dont have shoulders
Outline the life cycle of F. magna real quick
Miracidium develops in egg
hatches and infects snail-> cercariae
cercaria encysts as metacercariae on aquatic vegetation
DH ingests vegetation
Fascioloides life cycle in white tailed deer
adults in thin-walled in liver parenchyma
cysts
Clinical signs accidental hosts infected with Fascioloides magna:
Moose, cattle, pigs, camelids
flukes walled off in liver parenchyma in fibrous capsules
eggs cant exit, so infection not patent
asymptomatic, but can occur w/ heavy infections
livers condemned
What are clinical signs of accidental hosts in Sheep goats
sheep/gpats highly susceptible i worm can be lethal
extensive liver necrosis, hemorrhage occurs
unable to stop migration
larvae often wander into other organs
seasonal in MW dec-feb
You cut into a liver and see cysts contains some black shit… also notice the black stuff in tracts and draining lymph nodes… the black stuff is actually ____ and is associated with ______ infection
“Fluke puke”
Fascioloides magna
T/F best way to diagnose F. magna is to performa fecal flaot
FALSE they are useless;
best way is history- grazing in edemic area
necropsy or slaughter, detect flukes/vomit
T/F Albendazole is the best drug to tx F. magna
True; however both albendazole and clorsulon are less effective, recommend a double dose
albendandazole is best choice
prevent by keeping WTD out of pastures draining/fence off water
____ distribution is limited to NY, PA and adjacent states
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Host populations for Dicrocoelium dendriticum
DH domestic/wild RMT, uncommon in cattle
IH1 terrestrial snail
IH2 ants
Important D. dendriticum egg facts
nothing special, really small 2/3 the size of hook worm look like fungal spores, have to use sedimentation
Where are the adult D. dendriticum loacted?
in bile ducts, pass eggs in feces
LC Dicrocoelium dendriticum?
eggs ingested by land snail
asexual generations -> cercaria
cercaria leave snail in slime balls 200-400 cercariae
Ants eat slime ball
affect ant behavior, ants attach to herbage to be eaten
excyst in GI tract
infect liver/bile ducts
T/F Dicrocoelium dendritica larva excyst and travel through the peritoneal cavity to liver
FALSE migrate up intestine to liver and bile ducts, NO MIGRATION IN PERITONEAL CAVITY
What are the gross lesions assocaited with dicrocoelium dendriticum?
Bile ducts thickened/distened
liver cirrhoisis
Diagnosis/Tx
diagnosed at necropsy or slaughter
Tx? nothing
albendazole/clorsulon onlything
___ these RMT flukes look like large rice crispies
Paramphistomum spp
Anything special about LC of Paramphistomum
Same shit except metececaria excyst from vegetation and migrate cranieally to duodenmum
Anyhting special about Paramphistomum eggs?
very similar to Fasciola hepatica eggs
larger than liver fluke eggs
pale grey-green vs yellow/gold of liver flukes
What are the 2 rumen flukes and what species do tehy infect?
Paramphistomum spp cattle wild deer; more common in moose/deer
Cotylophoron spp
sheep goats
____ causes one of the most importatn helminth infections in humans
Schistosoma
___ is the disease casued by Schistosoma
“Schistosomiasis” or “bilharzia”
Important things about the LC of Schistosoma
adults in MESENTERIC VEINS of SI/LI?venous plexus of bladder
Sheds eggs in feces
Miracidium hatch and BURROW INTO SNAIL
NO REDIA stage goes directly to cerciae
Furocercous leave the snail 200,000/singel miradium
What happens when ceracria of Schistosoma find a human?
release histolytic enzymes and burrow into skin
loose tails and become schistosomula
enter the blood, reach liver mature to adults and mate
mated adults migrate via hepatic vein to venules pdx eggs
T/F schistosoma is dieciuos
true
WHat is the gynecophoral canal?
ventral longitudinal groove in which the females resides
What causes the pathology associated w/ schitosoma?
THE EGGS, incite a granulomatous inflammation
Prevention/Control of schistosomes
education- dont shit in the water then get in it
treat- as many people as possible
Snail control- molluscides
Ceracarial barriers- investigating skin drugs that prevent penetration
What are the schistosomes in MW where are they found
Gigantobilharzia
adultslive in mesenteric vessels of grackles/redwinged balck birds
Trichobilharzia
mesenteric vessels of ducks/geese
Schistosomatium
mesenteric veins of muskrats/meadow voles
disease commonly know as swimmers itch.. what is it caused by
Cercarial dermatitis
caused by trematodes of birds
cercaria from snails penetrate skin, cause damge/inflammation die there
drying off stimulates penetration- rinse off?
The whole even numbers thing again
fuck off dude
