Enoplids Flashcards
Genral features of Enoplids
Adults have no tail, body ends at anus
L1 infective ecept for D. Renale
L1 has styled (onchiostyle)
What is an onchiostyle
tooth like spear in buccal cavity
What is the one key feature of the super family Trichinelloidea
Stichosome, narrow tube surrounded by large grand cells- stichocytes
Common name for Trichuris spp
whip worms
Where are adult Trichuris found?
lower GI tract
T/F the posterior end of the Trichuris worm is attached to the gut mucosa
FALSE; anterior end is loosely stitched to into the gut epithelium, posterior end is free in the lumen
T/F Trichuri eggs cannot be distinguished from similar looking eggs
FALSE; trichuris is the inly ine that is symmetrical when you draw a line through the opercula
What are opercula?
they are the plugs present on eggs
T/F trichuris lay non embryonated eggs
True
Where does trichuris L1 larvae develop?
in the environment
What is the intermediate host of Trichuris spp
there isnt one, direct life cycle
What is larval migration patter of Trichuris
undergo mucosal migration in the Large intestinal epithelium
What animals are most affected by trichuris?
most severe in young animals
What will you see in infections with a heavy Trichuris adult population
Inflammation associated w/ attachment to the mucosal epithelium
Pigs most common species
Fresh (FRANK) blood vs melena (Hookworms)
bouts of diarrhea
How is Trichuris diagnosed?
Centrifugal flotation in sugar, must differentiate from cappilarid eggs (asymmetrical/banana shaped
Diagnosed at necropsy
T/F Pyrantel is the drug of choice for Trichuris infection
FALSE- nicotinic antimicrobials do not work
NO
Levamisole, Pyrantel, Morantel
_____ is used to treat Trichuris while ____ and ____ are the best ways to control it.
Macrocyclic lactones- benzimidazoles (some HW preventatives milbemycin oxime and moxidectin also work)
Sanitation- remove feces before L1 develops
Avoiding housing on soil
What species is known for recurrent Trichuris infections? Why?
Dogs- reinfection by infective eggs in the environmet
continued post tx of larval stages- larvae are less susceptible to anthelmintics
How do you prevent recurrence of trichuris infections?
prevent re-exposure to eggs in environment
retreat monthly 3x to kill maturing larvae
monthly heartworm preventative w/ activity against whipworms
What are the general characteristic of trichenella adults
very small, hair like 1.5 to 3 mm
females are larger, viviparous
What is special about the transmission of trichinella spp?
2 intermediate hosts
A single host has both infective L1 and adult stages of Trichinella
simultaneously serves as both Definitive and intermediate host
Transmission of Trichinella requires_____
ingestion of under cooked meat (Host 1)
Outline the life cycle of Trichinella in host #1
adults embedded in SI epithelium
Females produce pre-larvae that invade blood/lymph
invade striated muscle cell and mature to L1
develop gonadal primordia
What is a “nurse cell”
striated muscle cell that nourishes and protects infective L1 Trichinella spp.
What are the preferred sites pre-larvae Trichinella invade?
diaphragm, tongue, intercostals, biceps, deltoids, gastrocnemius
What happens to L1 in muscle cells after 1 year?
they will calcify
Outline the life cycle of Trichinella in host #2
Host 2 ingests muslce of Host 1
L1 released in small intestine, invade epithelium, mature to adults
Adults mate, male dies
Female pdx prelarvae ~2 days, repeat Host1 cycle
What are teh 2 cycles of Trichinella spiralis?
Urban Cycle
Sylvatic Cycle
What is the Urban cycle of T. spiralis?
Involves swine, rates, humans
Muscle w/ L1 ingested
undercooked meat
What is the sylvatic cycle of T. spiralis?
maintenance of infection in wild animal populations
What are the common ways humans are infected w/ T. spiralis?
usually undercooked meat- pork/bear
horse meat in Europe, other herbivores and dogs are associated with infection (fed table scraps/feeds w/ animal protein
What are the human clinical signs 1-2 weeks PI with T. spiralis?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain- super vague
What are human clinical signs of T. spiralis infection 2-8 weeks PI?
due to L1 in tissues
headache, fever, hills, myalgia, joint pain, swollen eyes, pruritic skin rash, cough, eosinophilia, potentially fatal
How is T. spiralis diagnosed?
History/clinical signs
ELISA detection of Ab to T. spiralis
What is the definitive diagnosis of T. spiralis?
detection of L1 in muscle
biopsy
trichinoscope
muscle digestion
How is T. spiralis prevented/controlled?
Cook pork/other meats to 137
Freezing
Meat inspection
avoid garbage feeding of hogs
Rodent control
Prevent livestock exposure to dead animal carcass
T/F using a microwave will kill any Trichinella species in meat
FALSE mircowave is inadewuate
How long must meat be frozen to kill T. spiralis/ T. nativa?
T spiralis is killed after 20 days at -15C
T. nativa can survive at -20C for 6 months
T/F thetre is a National Trichinae Certification Program
TRUE
What is the Trichinae USDA Cert Program’s goal?
“Establish a set of criteria that enable producers to market swine which are not considered a risk to human health due to exposure of this parasite”
What is the USDA Trichinae Cert Program?
Pre-harvest pork safety program
On farm certification
documents swine management practices that minimize risk of exposure to T. spiralis
____ this genus of worm is similar to Trichuris but the anterior width is = to the posterior
Capillarids
WHar is the general Life Cycle of Capillaria?
Adults aly eggs- shed in feces/urine (depening on location)
Infective L1 develops in egg in environment
New host ingests L1 in egg, IH or paratenic host
migrates to preferred location
What is the IH of Capillaria?
Not really sure if its needed or not- Earhtworms
T/F Capillaria spp are of great pathological concern in ruminatns
FALSE there are several non-pathogenic species
What are the canid specific Capillaria species and where are they located?
C. boehmi: nasal and paranasal sinuses
C. plica: urinary bladder
What are the feline specific Capillaria species and where are they located?
C. feliscati: urinary bladder
What Capillaria species infect both Candis/Felids and where are they located?
C. aerophilus: trachea and bronchi
Where are the general features of avian Capillaria species?
occur in the small instine
CLinical signs reflect location of adults
Most have a direct lifecycle
____ is commonly called the “foix lung worm”
Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus
E. aerophilus is also very common in rural cats in the midwest and can casue:
clight cough in cats and dogs
can be severe in kittens
Where are the adults of E. aerophilus located?
mucosa of trachea bronchi and bronchioles
Describe the life cycle of E. aerophilus:
adults on mucosa of trachea bronchi and bronchioles
Eggs in feces
infective L1 develops w/in egg
Earthworms may be IH
egg/worm ingested
migration from gut to lung
How is E. aerophilus diagnosed?
Detect eggs in feces/sputum
bipolar plugs, divide into asymmetrical halves
use hgih SG sugar float
How are Capillaria eggs differentiated from Trichuris, Aoncotheca and E. boehmi eggs?
Rarely find Trichuris eggs in cats
Asymmetrical
E. boehmi eggs are pitted
Aoncotheca _______
How is E. aerophilus prevented?
Sanitation
avoid dirt runs
dont allow pets to roam putdoors
Where is E. boehmi found?
nasal passages and sinuses
How is E. boehmi diagnoses?
ID egg in feces or nasal discharge
Egg surface is pitted
What is characteristic about the history of dogs w/ E. boehmi infections?
History of prior tx w/ antibiotics, steroids/antihistamines
Rhitis w/ chronic nasal discharge-
serosanguineous to purulent
uni/bilateral
severe epistaxis
What is used to diagnose E. boehmi?
Rhinoscopy to detect adults on nasal mucosa
detection of eggs in nasal flush/feces
Describe E. boehmi eggs
clear to golden brown barrel shaped asymmetric bipolar oipercula Surface is pitted
Where are Pearsonema adults located?
urinary bladder epithelium
What 2 Pearsonema species did we learn about?
P. plica
P. feliscati
What are the signs of Pearsonema spp. infections?
asymptomatic
____this organism’s essential paratenic host is the earthwomr
Pearsonoma spp
What is meant by essential paratenic host w/ regards to Pearsonema spp.?
L1 wont develop in earthworm, but wont hatch from egg if ingested directly by dog or cat
Where are the eggs found for Pearsonema spp.?
In the urine, must differentiate from Dictophyma
How is capilariosis treated?
Macrocyclic lactones, Benzimidazoles
____ is known as the giant Kidney worm
Dioctophyme renale
What are the general features of the genus Dioctophyme?
adults usually in cyct like cavity in host
most produce resistant non-embryonated eggs that develop in water
DH typically carnivores
____ is the preferred host of D. renale
MINK
wild and domestic canids
What is the intermediate host of D. renale?
aquatic oligochaete- water worms
What are the common paratenic hosts of D. renale?
frogs, fish
What is the typical history you would expect for a dog w/ D. renale infection?
outdoor dog w/ access to water ways frequented by wild mink
What is the Life cycle of D. renale?
Adults usually in right kidney
Eggs in urine if both M/F adult in Urinary tract
L1 develops in water, can survive for years
IH- “mudworms” ingests egg w/ L1, develops to L3
Paratenic hosts ingest worm w/ L3
DH weats IH/paratenic w/ L3
Larval migartion- exits GI into peritoneal cavity to kidney
What are the clinical signs of the typical D. renale infection?
asymptomatic- the non-infected kidney hypertrophies
only issue if both kidneys infected- then see renal disease
How are D. renale eggs detected?
Urine- centrifugation, examine sediment
detection of worm at necropsy/surgery
Whats characteristic about D. renale eggs?
thick shell w/ rough surface;
described as pitted sculpted w/ ridges
yellow brown
football shaped w/ opercula
1-2 cell stage when passed in urine
What is the Tx for D. renale?
surgical removal of infected kidney/worms
supportive care
Prevention via restricted access to waterways, ingestion of fish/frigs from edemic areas
i like round numbers so i added this slide
because I can so SUCK IT NIC
