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Parasitology Exam 2 > Enoplids > Flashcards

Enoplids Flashcards

1
Q

Genral features of Enoplids

A

Adults have no tail, body ends at anus
L1 infective ecept for D. Renale
L1 has styled (onchiostyle)

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2
Q

What is an onchiostyle

A

tooth like spear in buccal cavity

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3
Q

What is the one key feature of the super family Trichinelloidea

A

Stichosome, narrow tube surrounded by large grand cells- stichocytes

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4
Q

Common name for Trichuris spp

A

whip worms

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5
Q

Where are adult Trichuris found?

A

lower GI tract

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6
Q

T/F the posterior end of the Trichuris worm is attached to the gut mucosa

A

FALSE; anterior end is loosely stitched to into the gut epithelium, posterior end is free in the lumen

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7
Q

T/F Trichuri eggs cannot be distinguished from similar looking eggs

A

FALSE; trichuris is the inly ine that is symmetrical when you draw a line through the opercula

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8
Q

What are opercula?

A

they are the plugs present on eggs

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9
Q

T/F trichuris lay non embryonated eggs

A

True

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10
Q

Where does trichuris L1 larvae develop?

A

in the environment

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11
Q

What is the intermediate host of Trichuris spp

A

there isnt one, direct life cycle

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12
Q

What is larval migration patter of Trichuris

A

undergo mucosal migration in the Large intestinal epithelium

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13
Q

What animals are most affected by trichuris?

A

most severe in young animals

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14
Q

What will you see in infections with a heavy Trichuris adult population

A

Inflammation associated w/ attachment to the mucosal epithelium

Pigs most common species

Fresh (FRANK) blood vs melena (Hookworms)

bouts of diarrhea

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15
Q

How is Trichuris diagnosed?

A

Centrifugal flotation in sugar, must differentiate from cappilarid eggs (asymmetrical/banana shaped

Diagnosed at necropsy

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16
Q

T/F Pyrantel is the drug of choice for Trichuris infection

A

FALSE- nicotinic antimicrobials do not work

NO
Levamisole, Pyrantel, Morantel

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17
Q

_____ is used to treat Trichuris while ____ and ____ are the best ways to control it.

A

Macrocyclic lactones- benzimidazoles (some HW preventatives milbemycin oxime and moxidectin also work)

Sanitation- remove feces before L1 develops

Avoiding housing on soil

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18
Q

What species is known for recurrent Trichuris infections? Why?

A

Dogs- reinfection by infective eggs in the environmet

continued post tx of larval stages- larvae are less susceptible to anthelmintics

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19
Q

How do you prevent recurrence of trichuris infections?

A

prevent re-exposure to eggs in environment

retreat monthly 3x to kill maturing larvae

monthly heartworm preventative w/ activity against whipworms

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20
Q

What are the general characteristic of trichenella adults

A

very small, hair like 1.5 to 3 mm

females are larger, viviparous

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21
Q

What is special about the transmission of trichinella spp?

A

2 intermediate hosts

A single host has both infective L1 and adult stages of Trichinella

simultaneously serves as both Definitive and intermediate host

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22
Q

Transmission of Trichinella requires_____

A

ingestion of under cooked meat (Host 1)

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23
Q

Outline the life cycle of Trichinella in host #1

A

adults embedded in SI epithelium

Females produce pre-larvae that invade blood/lymph

invade striated muscle cell and mature to L1

develop gonadal primordia

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24
Q

What is a “nurse cell”

A

striated muscle cell that nourishes and protects infective L1 Trichinella spp.

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25
Q

What are the preferred sites pre-larvae Trichinella invade?

A

diaphragm, tongue, intercostals, biceps, deltoids, gastrocnemius

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26
Q

What happens to L1 in muscle cells after 1 year?

A

they will calcify

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27
Q

Outline the life cycle of Trichinella in host #2

A

Host 2 ingests muslce of Host 1

L1 released in small intestine, invade epithelium, mature to adults

Adults mate, male dies

Female pdx prelarvae ~2 days, repeat Host1 cycle

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28
Q

What are teh 2 cycles of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Urban Cycle

Sylvatic Cycle

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29
Q

What is the Urban cycle of T. spiralis?

A

Involves swine, rates, humans

Muscle w/ L1 ingested
undercooked meat

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30
Q

What is the sylvatic cycle of T. spiralis?

A

maintenance of infection in wild animal populations

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31
Q

What are the common ways humans are infected w/ T. spiralis?

A

usually undercooked meat- pork/bear

horse meat in Europe, other herbivores and dogs are associated with infection (fed table scraps/feeds w/ animal protein

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32
Q

What are the human clinical signs 1-2 weeks PI with T. spiralis?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain- super vague

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33
Q

What are human clinical signs of T. spiralis infection 2-8 weeks PI?

A

due to L1 in tissues

headache, fever, hills, myalgia, joint pain, swollen eyes, pruritic skin rash, cough, eosinophilia, potentially fatal

34
Q

How is T. spiralis diagnosed?

A

History/clinical signs

ELISA detection of Ab to T. spiralis

35
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis of T. spiralis?

A

detection of L1 in muscle
biopsy
trichinoscope
muscle digestion

36
Q

How is T. spiralis prevented/controlled?

A

Cook pork/other meats to 137

Freezing

Meat inspection

avoid garbage feeding of hogs

Rodent control

Prevent livestock exposure to dead animal carcass

37
Q

T/F using a microwave will kill any Trichinella species in meat

A

FALSE mircowave is inadewuate

38
Q

How long must meat be frozen to kill T. spiralis/ T. nativa?

A

T spiralis is killed after 20 days at -15C

T. nativa can survive at -20C for 6 months

39
Q

T/F thetre is a National Trichinae Certification Program

A

TRUE

40
Q

What is the Trichinae USDA Cert Program’s goal?

A

“Establish a set of criteria that enable producers to market swine which are not considered a risk to human health due to exposure of this parasite”

41
Q

What is the USDA Trichinae Cert Program?

A

Pre-harvest pork safety program

On farm certification
documents swine management practices that minimize risk of exposure to T. spiralis

42
Q

____ this genus of worm is similar to Trichuris but the anterior width is = to the posterior

A

Capillarids

43
Q

WHar is the general Life Cycle of Capillaria?

A

Adults aly eggs- shed in feces/urine (depening on location)

Infective L1 develops in egg in environment

New host ingests L1 in egg, IH or paratenic host

migrates to preferred location

44
Q

What is the IH of Capillaria?

A

Not really sure if its needed or not- Earhtworms

45
Q

T/F Capillaria spp are of great pathological concern in ruminatns

A

FALSE there are several non-pathogenic species

46
Q

What are the canid specific Capillaria species and where are they located?

A

C. boehmi: nasal and paranasal sinuses

C. plica: urinary bladder

47
Q

What are the feline specific Capillaria species and where are they located?

A

C. feliscati: urinary bladder

48
Q

What Capillaria species infect both Candis/Felids and where are they located?

A

C. aerophilus: trachea and bronchi

49
Q

Where are the general features of avian Capillaria species?

A

occur in the small instine

CLinical signs reflect location of adults

Most have a direct lifecycle

50
Q

____ is commonly called the “foix lung worm”

A

Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus

51
Q

E. aerophilus is also very common in rural cats in the midwest and can casue:

A

clight cough in cats and dogs

can be severe in kittens

52
Q

Where are the adults of E. aerophilus located?

A

mucosa of trachea bronchi and bronchioles

53
Q

Describe the life cycle of E. aerophilus:

A

adults on mucosa of trachea bronchi and bronchioles

Eggs in feces

infective L1 develops w/in egg
Earthworms may be IH

egg/worm ingested

migration from gut to lung

54
Q

How is E. aerophilus diagnosed?

A

Detect eggs in feces/sputum
bipolar plugs, divide into asymmetrical halves
use hgih SG sugar float

55
Q

How are Capillaria eggs differentiated from Trichuris, Aoncotheca and E. boehmi eggs?

A

Rarely find Trichuris eggs in cats

Asymmetrical

E. boehmi eggs are pitted

Aoncotheca _______

56
Q

How is E. aerophilus prevented?

A

Sanitation
avoid dirt runs
dont allow pets to roam putdoors

57
Q

Where is E. boehmi found?

A

nasal passages and sinuses

58
Q

How is E. boehmi diagnoses?

A

ID egg in feces or nasal discharge

Egg surface is pitted

59
Q

What is characteristic about the history of dogs w/ E. boehmi infections?

A

History of prior tx w/ antibiotics, steroids/antihistamines

Rhitis w/ chronic nasal discharge-
serosanguineous to purulent
uni/bilateral
severe epistaxis

60
Q

What is used to diagnose E. boehmi?

A

Rhinoscopy to detect adults on nasal mucosa

detection of eggs in nasal flush/feces

61
Q

Describe E. boehmi eggs

A 
clear to golden brown
barrel shaped
asymmetric
bipolar oipercula
Surface is pitted
62
Q

Where are Pearsonema adults located?

A

urinary bladder epithelium

63
Q

What 2 Pearsonema species did we learn about?

A

P. plica

P. feliscati

64
Q

What are the signs of Pearsonema spp. infections?

A

asymptomatic

65
Q

____this organism’s essential paratenic host is the earthwomr

A

Pearsonoma spp

66
Q

What is meant by essential paratenic host w/ regards to Pearsonema spp.?

A

L1 wont develop in earthworm, but wont hatch from egg if ingested directly by dog or cat

67
Q

Where are the eggs found for Pearsonema spp.?

A

In the urine, must differentiate from Dictophyma

68
Q

How is capilariosis treated?

A

Macrocyclic lactones, Benzimidazoles

69
Q

____ is known as the giant Kidney worm

A

Dioctophyme renale

70
Q

What are the general features of the genus Dioctophyme?

A

adults usually in cyct like cavity in host

most produce resistant non-embryonated eggs that develop in water

DH typically carnivores

71
Q

____ is the preferred host of D. renale

A

MINK

wild and domestic canids

72
Q

What is the intermediate host of D. renale?

A

aquatic oligochaete- water worms

73
Q

What are the common paratenic hosts of D. renale?

A

frogs, fish

74
Q

What is the typical history you would expect for a dog w/ D. renale infection?

A

outdoor dog w/ access to water ways frequented by wild mink

75
Q

What is the Life cycle of D. renale?

A

Adults usually in right kidney

Eggs in urine if both M/F adult in Urinary tract

L1 develops in water, can survive for years

IH- “mudworms” ingests egg w/ L1, develops to L3

Paratenic hosts ingest worm w/ L3

DH weats IH/paratenic w/ L3

Larval migartion- exits GI into peritoneal cavity to kidney

76
Q

What are the clinical signs of the typical D. renale infection?

A

asymptomatic- the non-infected kidney hypertrophies

only issue if both kidneys infected- then see renal disease

77
Q

How are D. renale eggs detected?

A

Urine- centrifugation, examine sediment

detection of worm at necropsy/surgery

78
Q

Whats characteristic about D. renale eggs?

A

thick shell w/ rough surface;
described as pitted sculpted w/ ridges

yellow brown

football shaped w/ opercula

1-2 cell stage when passed in urine

79
Q

What is the Tx for D. renale?

A

surgical removal of infected kidney/worms

supportive care

Prevention via restricted access to waterways, ingestion of fish/frigs from edemic areas

80
Q

i like round numbers so i added this slide

A

because I can so SUCK IT NIC

Parasitology Exam 2 (7 decks)

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