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Parasitology Lecture > Trematode Infections > Flashcards

Trematode Infections Flashcards

1
Q

A genus of parasitic blood flukes that infect birds and mammals, including humans.

A

Schistosoma

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2
Q

Name the five species of medically important Schistosoma.

A

S. japonicum
S. mansoni
S. haematobium
S. mekongi
S. intercalatum

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3
Q

Known to be the predominant species in the Philippines.

A

S. japonicum

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4
Q

Common name for Schistosoma japonicum

A

Oriental blood fluke

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5
Q

Intermediate host of S. japonicum

A

Oncomelania snails

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6
Q

The S. japonicum life cycle involves an intermediate ______ host and a definitive _____ host.

A

snail & mammalian respectively

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7
Q

The first larval stage that emerges from the egg in fresh water

A

Miracidium

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8
Q

Emerges from the miracidium as a sac-like structure containing the larva

A

Sporocyst

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9
Q

The reproduction type of sporocysts that can later give rise to free-swimming cercariae after 60-70 days.

A

asexual

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10
Q

Intermediate larval stage occurring in the sporocyst

A

Rediae

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11
Q

Final stage of development occuring in the snail; motile by means of a tail; infective stage of all schistosomes

A

Cercariae

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12
Q

Encysted form occurring in the 2nd intermediate host

A

Metacercariae

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13
Q

MOT of S. japonicum

A

Skin penetration

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14
Q

This is where S. japonicum matures

A

Portal vein

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15
Q

S. japonicum egg deposition usually begins from the _____ to the _____ day after cercarial penetration.

A. 21st to the 24th
B. 24th to the 27th
C. 27th to the 30th

A

B. 24th to the 27th day

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16
Q

The definitive hosts of S. japonicum

A

dogs, pigs, cats, carabaos, cows, rodents, and monkeys

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17
Q

Its egg is ovoid, round or pear-shaped, and is pale yellow in color. It has a thin shell onto which residual tissue or red cells may be adherent.

A

S. japonicum egg

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18
Q

Its egg has a curved hook or spine that may be observed near one of the polar ends if the egg is properly oriented.

A

S. japonicum

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19
Q

Its eggs hatch only in clean fresh water with sufficient oxygen.

A

S. japonicum

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20
Q

S. japonicum eggs will not hatch in salinity greater than ___ or at mammalian body temperature

A. 0.3%
B. 0.5%
C. 0.7%

A

C. 0.7%

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21
Q

A temperature between ____ to ____ degree celsius is ideal for the hatching of S. japonicum eggs.

A. 25 to 31%
B. 26 to 32%
C. 27 to 33%

A

A. 25 to 31%

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22
Q

All factors influence the infection of snails by miracidia except:

A. Age of snails & the miracidia
B. Number of miracidia per snail
C. Length of contact time
D. Water flow
E. Turbulence
F. NOTA

A

F. NOTA

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23
Q

Its cercaria has a body and a forked tail, an oral sucker which occupies the anterior end of the body, and a small ventral sucker.

A

S. japonicum

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24
Q

O. h. quadrasi (Oncolomelania hupensis quadrasi) is more active and mobile at ______

A. day
B. night

A

B. night

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25
Q

After skin penetration, the cercaria loses its tail and transform into a ______________.

A

Schistosomule

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26
Q

Trematodes that are dioecious (male & female reproductive organs are separate)

A

schistosomes

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27
Q

T or F. Schistosomes have a complete digestive system and an excretory system made up of flame cells.

A

False. Schistosomes have an incomplete digestive system.

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28
Q

Ingested by schistosomes that possess a protease (hemoglobinase) that breaks down globulin and hemoglobin.

A

RBCs

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29
Q

Easy fatigability, respiratory symptoms, arthralgias, myalgias, malaise, eosinophilia, fever, and abdominal pain which has been termed as “snail fever”.

A

Katayama fever/Katayama syndrome

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30
Q

S. japonicum egg deposition occurs in what organs?

A

Liver, intestines, lungs, and much less frequently in the CNS

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31
Q

The most serious consequence of chronic schistosomiasis

A

Hepatosplenic disease

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32
Q

Diagnostic stage of S. japonicum

A

Embryonated egg

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33
Q

T or F. Stool examinations for S. japonicum can give negative results even in active infection.

A

True

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34
Q

T or F. Schistosome eggs can be recovered by rectal or liver biopsy

A

True

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35
Q

The preferred technique and considered the most suitable for quantification of eggs.

A

Kato-Katz

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36
Q

Treatment for schistosomiasis

A

Praziquantel

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37
Q

Prevention and control of schistosomiasis in areas of high prevalence and transmission

A

mass chemotherapy using praziquantel

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38
Q

An operculated fresh water amphibious snail with separate male and female sexes.

A

O. h. quadrasi

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39
Q

Refers to an infection of humans and other mammals by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus.

A

Paragonimiasis

40
Q

There are ____ known species of Paragonimus, and ____ are reported to cause infections in humans.

A. 40 & 10 respectively
B. 40 & 8 respectively
C. 40 & 6 respectively
D. 40 & 4 respectively

A

C. 40 known species and 6 are reported to cause infections in humans.

41
Q

Common name for Paragonimus westermani

A

Oriental lung fluke

42
Q

The second intermediate host of P. westermani

A

Mountain Crabs
(Sundathelphusa philippina)

43
Q

This adult fluke resembles a coffee bean. It is rounded anteriorly and slightly tapered posteriorly.

A

Lung fluke

44
Q

1st intermediate host of P. westermani

A

Snail
(Antemelania asperata & Antemelania dactylus)

45
Q

MOT of P. westermani

A

Ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked crabs harboring metacercariae

46
Q

These have been found to play an important role in the development of young parasites because of their involvement in the metacercarial excystment, tissue invasion, and immune modulation of the host.

A

Cysteine proteases

47
Q

Habitat of P. westermani

A

Lungs

48
Q

The following are symptoms of paragoniamiasis, except:

A. Hemoptysis
B. Chronic cough
C. Chest pain
D. Dyspnea
E. NOTA

A

E. NOTA

49
Q

T or F.

P. westermani may migrate into the cranial cavity and result in hemorrhage

A

True

50
Q

Diagnosis for P. westermani.

A

Sputum examination
DFS
Chest radiographs
Serodiagnostics (ELISA, IB)
Molecular tests (PCR)

51
Q

“Chinese vase egg”

A

P. westermani

52
Q

Its egg may appear macroscopically in sputum as reddish-brown flecks resembling iron filings; operculated with shoulders and thick abopercular shell

A

P. westermani

53
Q

Which among the following are definitive hosts of P. westermani

A. Man
B. Wolf
C. Monkey
D. Only A & B
E. AOTA
F. NOTA

A

E. AOTA

54
Q

Drug of choice for P. westermani

A

Praziquantel and/or Triclabendazole

55
Q

This fasciolid digenetic trematode is the largest intestinal fluke of humans and pigs.

A

Fasciolopsis buski

56
Q

MOT of fasciolopsis buski

A

Ingestion of encysted metacercariae from aquatic plants

57
Q

Common name of F. buski

A

Giant intestinal fluke

58
Q

First IH of F. buski

A

Snail
(Segmentina or Hippeutis)

59
Q

Second IH of F. buski

A

Vegetation
- Water caltrop (Trapa bicornis)
- Water chestnut (Eliocharis tuberosa)
- Morning glory/Kangkong (Ipomea obscura)
- Lotus (Nymphaea lotus)
- Bamboo shoots (Zizania)

60
Q

DH of F. buski

A

pigs and humans

61
Q

Symptoms of F. buski

A

Epigastric pain
Nausea
Diarrhea
edema

62
Q

Diagnostic stage of F. buski

A

Detection of parasite eggs in stool

63
Q

Treatment for F. buski

A

Praziquantel

64
Q

Digenetic trematodes characterized by a collar of spines around their oral suckers.

A

Echinostomids

65
Q

A horseshoe-shaped collar, bearing one or two rows of straight spines, which surrounds the dorsal and lateral sides of the oral sucker.

A

Echinostoma

66
Q

MOT of Echinostoma ilocanum & Artyfechinostomum malayanum

A

Ingestion of metacercariae encysted snails

67
Q

DH of E. ilocanum and/or A. malayanum

A

humans
dogs
cats
rats
pigs

68
Q

Common name of E. ilocanum

A

Garrison’s fluke

69
Q

1st snail IH of E. ilocanum

A

Gyraulus convexiusculus
Hippeutis umbilicalis

70
Q

2nd snail IH of E. ilocanum

A

Pila luzonica (kuhol)
Vivipara angularis (susong pampang)

71
Q

2nd snail IH of A. malayanum

A

Lymnaea cumingiana
Ampullarius canaliculatus

72
Q

1st IH of A. malayanum

A

unknown

73
Q

The egg of ______ is straw-colored, operculated, and ovoid whereas ______’s egg is larger, golden brown in color, and operculated.

A

E. ilocanum & A. malayanum respectively

74
Q

Symptoms of Echinostoma

A

Inflammation
Ulceration
Bloody diarrhea
Abdominal pain

75
Q

Diagnosis of Echinostoma

A

Detection of eggs in the stool

76
Q

Treatment for Echinostoma

A

Praziquantel

77
Q

MOT of heterophyids

A

Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in fish

78
Q

Smallest trematode of man; deadliest trematode

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

79
Q

Symptoms of Heterophyid Flukes

A

Diarrhea
Colicky abdominal pain

80
Q

Diagnosis of Heterophyid Flukes

A

detection of eggs in stool using the modified Kato thick method

PCR for low-intensity heterophyid infections

81
Q

Treatment for Heterophyid Flukes

A

Praziquantel

82
Q

Common name of Fasciola hepatica

A

sheep liver fluke - temperate

83
Q

Common name of Fasciola gigantica

A

giant liver fluke- tropical

84
Q

1st IH of Fasciola spp.

A

Lymnea philippinensis

85
Q

2nd IH of Fasciola spp.

A

Watercress
grass

86
Q

MOT of Fasciola spp.

A

Ingestion of raw aquatic vegetation (water chestnuts) with encysted metacercaria or by drinking water with viable metercercariae

87
Q

What distinguishes F. hepatica and F. gigantica?

A

cephalic cone

88
Q

Drug of choice for treating fascioliasis

A

Triclabendazole or Biothionol as an alternative

89
Q

Reservoir hosts of Fasciola spp.

A

Sheep
Cattle
Goat

90
Q

Refers to the presence of eggs in the stool resulting not from an actual infection but from recent ingestion of infected livers containing eggs.

A

False fascioliasis (pseudofascioliasis)

91
Q

Small digenetic trematodes belonging to the family Opisthorchiidae and are parasite of the bile duct and gallbladder of humans and fish-eating mammals.

A

Clonorchis sinensis,Opisthorchis felineus & Opisthorchis viverrini

92
Q

MOT of liver flukes

A

ingestion of the metacercaria of the parasite present in infected raw or undercooked fish —- salted, dried, or pickled fresh water fish

93
Q

Treatment for Clonorchis, Opisthorcis

A

Praziquantel

94
Q

Also known as Vesical Blood Fluke

A

Schistosoma haematobium

95
Q

Also known as Manson’s Blood Fluke

A

Schistosoma mansoni

96
Q

Used to speciate Schistosome

A

spine

S. mansoni - conspicuous lateral spine

S. japonicum - inconspicuous/rudimentary lateral spine or knob

S. haematobium - terminal spine

97
Q

Dermatitis due to skin penetration of cercariae from birds and other mammals

A

Swimmer’s Itch

Parasitology Lecture (7 decks)

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