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Parasitology Lecture > Trematode Infections > Flashcards

Trematode Infections Flashcards

1
Q

A genus of parasitic blood flukes that infect birds and mammals, including humans.

A

Schistosoma

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2
Q

Name the five species of medically important Schistosoma.

A

S. japonicum
S. mansoni
S. haematobium
S. mekongi
S. intercalatum

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3
Q

Known to be the predominant species in the Philippines.

A

S. japonicum

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4
Q

Common name for Schistosoma japonicum

A

Oriental blood fluke

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5
Q

Intermediate host of S. japonicum

A

Oncomelania snails

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6
Q

The S. japonicum life cycle involves an intermediate ______ host and a definitive _____ host.

A

snail & mammalian respectively

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7
Q

The first larval stage that emerges from the egg in fresh water

A

Miracidium

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8
Q

Emerges from the miracidium as a sac-like structure containing the larva

A

Sporocyst

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9
Q

The reproduction type of sporocysts that can later give rise to free-swimming cercariae after 60-70 days.

A

asexual

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10
Q

Intermediate larval stage occurring in the sporocyst

A

Rediae

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11
Q

Final stage of development occuring in the snail; motile by means of a tail; infective stage of all schistosomes

A

Cercariae

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12
Q

Encysted form occurring in the 2nd intermediate host

A

Metacercariae

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13
Q

MOT of S. japonicum

A

Skin penetration

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14
Q

This is where S. japonicum matures

A

Portal vein

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15
Q

S. japonicum egg deposition usually begins from the _____ to the _____ day after cercarial penetration.

A. 21st to the 24th
B. 24th to the 27th
C. 27th to the 30th

A

B. 24th to the 27th day

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16
Q

The definitive hosts of S. japonicum

A

dogs, pigs, cats, carabaos, cows, rodents, and monkeys

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17
Q

Its egg is ovoid, round or pear-shaped, and is pale yellow in color. It has a thin shell onto which residual tissue or red cells may be adherent.

A

S. japonicum egg

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18
Q

Its egg has a curved hook or spine that may be observed near one of the polar ends if the egg is properly oriented.

A

S. japonicum

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19
Q

Its eggs hatch only in clean fresh water with sufficient oxygen.

A

S. japonicum

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20
Q

S. japonicum eggs will not hatch in salinity greater than ___ or at mammalian body temperature

A. 0.3%
B. 0.5%
C. 0.7%

A

C. 0.7%

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21
Q

A temperature between ____ to ____ degree celsius is ideal for the hatching of S. japonicum eggs.

A. 25 to 31%
B. 26 to 32%
C. 27 to 33%

A

A. 25 to 31%

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22
Q

All factors influence the infection of snails by miracidia except:

A. Age of snails & the miracidia
B. Number of miracidia per snail
C. Length of contact time
D. Water flow
E. Turbulence
F. NOTA

A

F. NOTA

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23
Q

Its cercaria has a body and a forked tail, an oral sucker which occupies the anterior end of the body, and a small ventral sucker.

A

S. japonicum

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24
Q

O. h. quadrasi (Oncolomelania hupensis quadrasi) is more active and mobile at ______

A. day
B. night

A

B. night

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25
After skin penetration, the cercaria loses its tail and transform into a ______________.
Schistosomule
26
Trematodes that are dioecious (male & female reproductive organs are separate)
schistosomes
27
T or F. Schistosomes have a complete digestive system and an excretory system made up of flame cells.
False. Schistosomes have an incomplete digestive system.
28
Ingested by schistosomes that possess a protease (hemoglobinase) that breaks down globulin and hemoglobin.
RBCs
29
Easy fatigability, respiratory symptoms, arthralgias, myalgias, malaise, eosinophilia, fever, and abdominal pain which has been termed as "snail fever".
Katayama fever/Katayama syndrome
30
S. japonicum egg deposition occurs in what organs?
Liver, intestines, lungs, and much less frequently in the CNS
31
The most serious consequence of chronic schistosomiasis
Hepatosplenic disease
32
Diagnostic stage of S. japonicum
Embryonated egg
33
T or F. Stool examinations for S. japonicum can give negative results even in active infection.
True
34
T or F. Schistosome eggs can be recovered by rectal or liver biopsy
True
35
The preferred technique and considered the most suitable for quantification of eggs.
Kato-Katz
36
Treatment for schistosomiasis
Praziquantel
37
Prevention and control of schistosomiasis in areas of high prevalence and transmission
mass chemotherapy using praziquantel
38
An operculated fresh water amphibious snail with separate male and female sexes.
O. h. quadrasi
39
Refers to an infection of humans and other mammals by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus.
Paragonimiasis
40
There are ____ known species of Paragonimus, and ____ are reported to cause infections in humans. A. 40 & 10 respectively B. 40 & 8 respectively C. 40 & 6 respectively D. 40 & 4 respectively
C. 40 known species and 6 are reported to cause infections in humans.
41
Common name for Paragonimus westermani
Oriental lung fluke
42
The second intermediate host of P. westermani
Mountain Crabs (Sundathelphusa philippina)
43
This adult fluke resembles a coffee bean. It is rounded anteriorly and slightly tapered posteriorly.
Lung fluke
44
1st intermediate host of P. westermani
Snail (Antemelania asperata & Antemelania dactylus)
45
MOT of P. westermani
Ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked crabs harboring metacercariae
46
These have been found to play an important role in the development of young parasites because of their involvement in the metacercarial excystment, tissue invasion, and immune modulation of the host.
Cysteine proteases
47
Habitat of P. westermani
Lungs
48
The following are symptoms of paragoniamiasis, except: A. Hemoptysis B. Chronic cough C. Chest pain D. Dyspnea E. NOTA
E. NOTA
49
T or F. P. westermani may migrate into the cranial cavity and result in hemorrhage
True
50
Diagnosis for P. westermani.
Sputum examination DFS Chest radiographs Serodiagnostics (ELISA, IB) Molecular tests (PCR)
51
"Chinese vase egg"
P. westermani
52
Its egg may appear macroscopically in sputum as reddish-brown flecks resembling iron filings; operculated with shoulders and thick abopercular shell
P. westermani
53
Which among the following are definitive hosts of P. westermani A. Man B. Wolf C. Monkey D. Only A & B E. AOTA F. NOTA
E. AOTA
54
Drug of choice for P. westermani
Praziquantel and/or Triclabendazole
55
This fasciolid digenetic trematode is the largest intestinal fluke of humans and pigs.
Fasciolopsis buski
56
MOT of fasciolopsis buski
Ingestion of encysted metacercariae from aquatic plants
57
Common name of F. buski
Giant intestinal fluke
58
First IH of F. buski
Snail (Segmentina or Hippeutis)
59
Second IH of F. buski
Vegetation - Water caltrop (Trapa bicornis) - Water chestnut (Eliocharis tuberosa) - Morning glory/Kangkong (Ipomea obscura) - Lotus (Nymphaea lotus) - Bamboo shoots (Zizania)
60
DH of F. buski
pigs and humans
61
Symptoms of F. buski
Epigastric pain Nausea Diarrhea edema
62
Diagnostic stage of F. buski
Detection of parasite eggs in stool
63
Treatment for F. buski
Praziquantel
64
Digenetic trematodes characterized by a collar of spines around their oral suckers.
Echinostomids
65
A horseshoe-shaped collar, bearing one or two rows of straight spines, which surrounds the dorsal and lateral sides of the oral sucker.
Echinostoma
66
MOT of Echinostoma ilocanum & Artyfechinostomum malayanum
Ingestion of metacercariae encysted snails
67
DH of E. ilocanum and/or A. malayanum
humans dogs cats rats pigs
68
Common name of E. ilocanum
Garrison's fluke
69
1st snail IH of E. ilocanum
Gyraulus convexiusculus Hippeutis umbilicalis
70
2nd snail IH of E. ilocanum
Pila luzonica (kuhol) Vivipara angularis (susong pampang)
71
2nd snail IH of A. malayanum
Lymnaea cumingiana Ampullarius canaliculatus
72
1st IH of A. malayanum
unknown
73
The egg of ______ is straw-colored, operculated, and ovoid whereas ______'s egg is larger, golden brown in color, and operculated.
E. ilocanum & A. malayanum respectively
74
Symptoms of Echinostoma
Inflammation Ulceration Bloody diarrhea Abdominal pain
75
Diagnosis of Echinostoma
Detection of eggs in the stool
76
Treatment for Echinostoma
Praziquantel
77
MOT of heterophyids
Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in fish
78
Smallest trematode of man; deadliest trematode
Heterophyes heterophyes
79
Symptoms of Heterophyid Flukes
Diarrhea Colicky abdominal pain
80
Diagnosis of Heterophyid Flukes
detection of eggs in stool using the modified Kato thick method PCR for low-intensity heterophyid infections
81
Treatment for Heterophyid Flukes
Praziquantel
82
Common name of Fasciola hepatica
sheep liver fluke - temperate
83
Common name of Fasciola gigantica
giant liver fluke- tropical
84
1st IH of Fasciola spp.
Lymnea philippinensis
85
2nd IH of Fasciola spp.
Watercress grass
86
MOT of Fasciola spp.
Ingestion of raw aquatic vegetation (water chestnuts) with encysted metacercaria or by drinking water with viable metercercariae
87
What distinguishes F. hepatica and F. gigantica?
cephalic cone
88
Drug of choice for treating fascioliasis
Triclabendazole or Biothionol as an alternative
89
Reservoir hosts of Fasciola spp.
Sheep Cattle Goat
90
Refers to the presence of eggs in the stool resulting not from an actual infection but from recent ingestion of infected livers containing eggs.
False fascioliasis (pseudofascioliasis)
91
Small digenetic trematodes belonging to the family Opisthorchiidae and are parasite of the bile duct and gallbladder of humans and fish-eating mammals.
Clonorchis sinensis,Opisthorchis felineus & Opisthorchis viverrini
92
MOT of liver flukes
ingestion of the metacercaria of the parasite present in infected raw or undercooked fish ---- salted, dried, or pickled fresh water fish
93
Treatment for Clonorchis, Opisthorcis
Praziquantel
94
Also known as Vesical Blood Fluke
Schistosoma haematobium
95
Also known as Manson's Blood Fluke
Schistosoma mansoni
96
Used to speciate Schistosome
spine S. mansoni - conspicuous lateral spine S. japonicum - inconspicuous/rudimentary lateral spine or knob S. haematobium - terminal spine
97
Dermatitis due to skin penetration of cercariae from birds and other mammals
Swimmer's Itch

Parasitology Lecture (7 decks)

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