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Parasitology Lecture > Flagellates > Flashcards

Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Beaver-fever

A

Giardiasis

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2
Q

Examination for trypomastigotes is usually done during this stage of the disease and is more useful for the diagnosis of T. brucei rhodesiense due to relative highler levels of parasitemia.

A

hemolymphatic stage

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3
Q

The form of Leishmaniasis having symptoms of skin ulcer and painless lesions

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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4
Q

Its associated disease is the African Sleeping Sickness.

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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5
Q

This is an occupational hazard for persons working in game reserves, and may also be a threat to visitors of game parks.

A

Rhodesian tryponosomiasis

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6
Q

First discovered in spleen smear of a soilder who died of “Dumdum” fever or Kala-azar contracted at Dum Dum, Calcutta.

A

Leishmania donovani

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7
Q

He first discovered Giardia lamblia using his own stool in 1681.

A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

This provides energy to flagellates.

A

Kinetoplast

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9
Q

Its cytoplasm have bacteria-filled vacuoles.

A

D. fragilis (other structures)

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10
Q

He first described G. lamblia in 1859 and coined it Cercomonal intestinalis.

A

Lambl

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11
Q

Ping-pong disease

A

Trichomoniasis

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12
Q

Resembles Trichomonas but without flagellum

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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13
Q

MOT of Leishmania spp.

A
  1. Blood transfusion
  2. Contamination of bite wounds
  3. Direct contact w/ contaminated specimens
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14
Q

The disease’s preventive measures include usage of insect repellants containing DEET and permethrin, insecticide-treated clothing, and fine-mesh bed nets.

A

Leishmaniasis

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15
Q

Treatment for T. cruzi

A

Nifurtimox & Benznidazole

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16
Q

Causes mucocutaneous

A

L. braziliensis complex

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17
Q

Main strategy employed to decrease vector population of tsetse flies.

A

tsetse fly trapping

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18
Q

How many hosts do Leishmania spp. pass their life cycle?

A

Two: invertebrate and vertebrate hosts

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19
Q

Causes infantile visceral leishmaniasis

A

L. infantum

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20
Q

T. hominis is also known as

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

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21
Q

Water borne parasite infected by copepods

A

Chilomastix mesnili

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22
Q

It is found in east Africa and is primarily a zoonosis of cattle and wild animals, with humans being accidental hosts.

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

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23
Q

Also known as Jericho boils, Aleppo button, Baghdad boils, Oriental sore, and Delhi fever.

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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24
Q

Its symtoms include a greenish-yellow leukorrheic discharge

A

T. vaginalis in females

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25
Q

Pear-shaped/ teardrop shaped with “falling leaf”

A

G. lamblia

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26
Q

For African sleeping sickness, this second-line drug is used in cases of melarsoprol treatment failure.

A

Nitrofurazone

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27
Q

Identify what is being described:
The stool is voluminous and foul smelling – “rotten egg” odor.

A

G. lamblia

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28
Q

Vector for the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.)

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29
Q

The parasite is transmitted via the bite of the blood-sucking tsetse fly feeding from an infected mammalian host.

A

T. brucei

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30
Q

Treatment for T. vaginalis

A

Metronidazole, 3x for 4-5 days & Acidic douche (10% vinegar)

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31
Q

This can be grown in Diamond’s medium

A

G. lamblia

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32
Q

It resembles an old man with whiskers (pertaining to its flagella), a cartoon character and/or a monkey’s face.

A

G. lamblia

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33
Q

True or False. The use of insecticides and protective clothing are recommended to prevent contact with tsetse flies.

A

True

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34
Q

The stage/s exhibited by T. brucei

A

Epimastigote & Trypomastigote only

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35
Q

Protozoa that bear one to several long, delicate, thread-like extensions or whip-like structures of the cytoplasm.

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora - Subphylum Masitogophora

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36
Q

Refers to the rib-like structure within the cytostome.

A

Costa

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37
Q

Metastatic spread of lesion to oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa

A

Espundia

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38
Q

A conspicous part of a mitochondrion in some flagellates found near the kinetosome.

A

Kinetoplast

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39
Q

Causes urban anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Oriental sore

A

L. tropica

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40
Q

Erosion of the pinna of the ear

A

Chiclero ulcer

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41
Q

This can be transferred from the pregnant woman to their child through the birth canal that also multiplies by binary fission.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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42
Q

This non-pathogenic flagellate is associated with trichomoniasis

A

T. tenax

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43
Q

The gold standard for detection of G. lamblia

A

Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay

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44
Q

T or F.
Giardiasis is more common to females than males.

A

False. It is more common in males.

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45
Q

Also known as Kala-azar or the Dumdum fever

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

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46
Q

Treatment for African sleeping sickness for the first stage and with the CNS involvement.

A

First stage: intravenous suramin sodium & intramusucular pentamidine

Involvement of CNS: intravenous melarsoprol

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47
Q

This is pathogenic and can cause vaginitis

A

T. vaginalis

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48
Q

First discovered in spleen smear of a soilder who died of “Dumdum” fever or Kala-azar contracted at Dum Dum, Calcutta.

A

Leishmania donovani

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49
Q

Vegetative stage/Reproductive stage of G. lamblia

A

Trophozoite

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50
Q

This is the most common form of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous

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51
Q

This is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection having no cyst stage.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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52
Q

This where tsetse flies live therefore transmission can readily occur when people frequent these areas to swim and do their laundry.

A

banks of rivers and streams

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53
Q

This is associated with periodental disease

A

T. tenax

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54
Q

What is being referred to:

MOT. Fecal route or via transmission of helminth eggs particularly that of E. vermicularis

A

D. fragilis

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55
Q

Diagnosis for G. lamblia whereby a capsule with a string is swallowed by the patient until it reaches the gastric content of the stomach which is removed after 4-6 hours.

A

Beale String Test/Entero-Test

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56
Q

Pathology: Gay-bowel syndrome

A

G. lamblia

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57
Q

Trichomonas spp. found in the genito-urinary tract.

A

T. vaginalis

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58
Q

locomotor apparatus

A

flagella

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59
Q

This type of Leishmaniasis may be initially diagnosed as lepromatous leprosy whereby it is characterized by a localized, non-ulcerating papule, eventually developing numerous diffuse satellite lesions that affect the face and extremities.

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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60
Q

Refers to the only pathogenic Trichomonas spp.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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61
Q

True or False. In the meningoencephlitic stage, convulsions, tremors, speech defects, disturbances in speech and reflexes, and even paralysis may follow neurologic symptoms.

A

True

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62
Q

Infective stage of T. vaginalis.

A

Trophozoites

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63
Q

Trypanosomes under this group multiply within the mammalian host in a discontinuous manner.

A

Stercoraria

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64
Q

A process in which trypanosomes are able to evade the immune response of the host.

A

Antigenic variation

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65
Q

Its common hosts are wild, domestic dogs and small rodents

A

Leishmania spp.

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66
Q

The ability of the trypomastigote to continuously change its surface coat, composed of variant surface glycoproteins, so that the host’s antibodies cannot recognize the parasite in subsequeant recurrent waves of parasitemia

A

Antigenic variation

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67
Q

These may be transmitted congenitally, through blood transfuion, by contamination of bite wounds, and by direct contact with contaminated specimens.

A

Leishmania spp.

68
Q

Habitat of L. donovani

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes of man, and other vertebrate (dogs and hamster)

69
Q

Also known as cell mouth for phagocytosis

A

Cytostome

70
Q

True or False. The trypomastigotes of T. cruzi multiply in the bloodstream.

A

False

71
Q

The vector for the hemogellate Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Assassin bug (Rhodnius spp, panstrongylus spp, and Triatoma spp.)

72
Q

Pear shaped with rounded anterior & pointed posterior end that looks like an old man with eyeglasses G. lambia.

A

Trophozoite

73
Q

The disease was documented in pottery figures.

A

leishmaniasis

74
Q

The trophozoites of T. vaginalis thrive in this environment

A

slightly alkaline or slightly acidic pH

75
Q

MOT of G. lambia

A
  1. Ingestion of contaminated food/water with cyst
  2. Anal-oral sexual practice
76
Q

The posterior end of its trophozoite is drawn out into a long cone.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

77
Q

What is being described:

Stiff rotary motility in a direction pattern having a boring, spiral forward movement.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

78
Q

In wet preparation, the trophozoite of this exhibit rapid Jerky/Jerky-tumbling motility.

A

T. vaginalis

79
Q

Infective stage of G. lamblia

A

Mature cyst

80
Q

It has one small central or eccentric karyosome with no perichromatin.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

81
Q

This non-pathogenic flagellate is quite resistant to changes in temperature that can survive for several hours in drinking water.

A

T. tenax

82
Q

It is localized mostly in the western and central regions of sub-Saharan Africa. It primarily affects humans, but utilizes dogs, pigs, and sheep as reservoir hosts.

A

T. brucei gambiense

83
Q

A membrane laterally projecting from the body of certain flagellates that participate in active motility of the flagella.

A

Undulating membrane

84
Q

MOT of T. vaginalis.

A
  1. Sexual intercourse
  2. Soiled clothing and linens, sharing of washed clothes
85
Q

The vector for Leishmania spp.

A

Sandfly
1. OW Phlebotomus spp.
2. NW Lutzomyia Brumptomyia

86
Q

Pathology: Traveller’s Diarrhea

A

G. lamblia

87
Q

This disease causes fever, nausea, vomiting, and generalized lymphadenopathy.

A

Chagas disease

88
Q

It can live in moist clothing for a day.

A

T. vaginalis

89
Q

This is primarily a disease of poverty

A

Leishmaniasis

90
Q

The infective stage of Leishmania spp. in vectors.

A

Amastigote

91
Q

Diagnosis for the identification of cysts and trophozoites of G. lamblia

A

Stool Exam

92
Q

This type of Leishmaniasis develops in about 2 to 5% of persons with L. braziliensis, either concurrently or even several years after the resolution of skin lesions.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

93
Q

In stained specimens, trypomastigotes are characteristically shaped as the letter/s:

A

C, U, or S-shaped

94
Q

Unlike other trypanosomes, this is an intracellular parasite, with myocytes and cells of the reticuloendothelial system bring the most heavily infected cells.

A

T. cruzi

95
Q

Treatment for G. lamblia

A

Metronidazole (250mg, 3x a day for 1 week)

96
Q

Cultivation of New World Leishmaniasis

A

Cultured on Novy, Macneal, Nicolle (NNN) medium & Hockmeyer’s medium

97
Q

Its cyst is lemon-shaped with a small projection at the anterior end & possess a clear anterior hyaline knob.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

98
Q

Flagellates are classified according to ________.

A

Habitat
1. Intestinal, oral, and genital flagellates
2. Blood and tissue flagellates

99
Q

Its associated disease is the Chaga’s disease or American trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

100
Q

True or False. Dientamoeba fragilis is detected by stool concentration method.

A

False

101
Q

An important opportunisitic infection in AIDS patients

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

102
Q

Causes American visceral leishmaniasis

A

L. chagasi

103
Q

It causes the more acute and rapidly fatal form of sleeping sickness, and accounts for the remaining 5% of HAT cases.

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

104
Q

The stage exhibited by Leishmania spp that multiply in host’s macrophages and monocytes.

A

Amastigote

105
Q

Name the four culture medium for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis

A
  1. Trussel & Johnson’s Medium
  2. Diamond’s Modified Culture Medium
  3. Feinberg-Whittington Culture Medium
  4. Typticase Liver Serum Medium
106
Q

Examination for trypomastigotes is usually done during this stage of the disease and is more useful for the diagnosis of T. brucei rhodesiense due to relative highler levels of parasitemia.

A

hemolymphatic stage

107
Q

Where are trypomastigotes and amastigotes in humans found?

A

blood stream & tissue cells respectively

108
Q

Causes cutaneous

A

L. mexicana complex and L. peruviana

109
Q

T or F.
Giardia Lamblia multiples by binary fission.

A

True

110
Q

Disfiguring leprosy-like tissue destruction and swelling

A

Tapir Nose

111
Q

A hemoflagellate that is a similar protozoan to Trypanosoma spp. that is endemic in parts of the tropics and subtropics.

A

Leishmania spp.

112
Q

Treatment for D. fragilis

A

Iodoquinol
Tetracyline
Metronidazole

113
Q

This leishmanin skin test can be used to identify exposure to the parasite.

A

Montenegro skin test

114
Q

The new name of G. lamblia

A

Giardia duodenalis

115
Q

It is responsible for 95% of all HAT cases.

A

T brucei gambiense

116
Q

Resistant forms that are responsible for the transmission of giardiasis.

A

Cysts

117
Q

This is where epimastigotes mature into metacylic trypomastigotes.

A

Insect’s salivary glands

118
Q

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as African sleeping sickness, is a highly fatal disease caused by two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei. What are these subspecies?

A

T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense

119
Q

In humans, T. brucei lives in …

A

blood, reticular tissue of lymph and spleen, and the CSF

120
Q

Refers to the only known pathogenic instestinal flagellate.

A

G. lamblia

121
Q

The earliest sign of African Trypanosomiasis which is a hard, painful lesion at the site of inoculation.

A

Chancre

122
Q

Its kinetoplast has a dot-like blepharoplas and parabasal body adjacent to it.

A

Amastigote

123
Q

Resides in the mucosal crypts of the large intestine

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

124
Q

T. hominis is also known as

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

125
Q

It could be a reservoir host for G. lamblia

A

Beavers

126
Q

Also known as Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

American Leishmaniasis

127
Q

Even though it’s not pathogenic and endocommensal, its presence indicates poor hygience practices and sanitation

A

Chilomastix mesnili

128
Q

Cultivation of New World Leishmaniasis

A

Cultured on Novy, Macneal, Nicolle (NNN) medium & Hockmeyer’s medium

129
Q

The disease caused by infection of the diploid protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania.

A

Leishmaniasis

130
Q

Resembles T. tenax but larger.

A

T. vaginalis

131
Q

This was originally described as an amoeba but is a flagellate.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

132
Q

Its nuclei is rosette-shaped, binucleated, having 4-6 chromatin granules, with no perichromatin.

A

D. fragilis

133
Q

Causes rural, zoonotic, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Oriental sore

A

L. major

134
Q

The resemblance of an old man’s whiskers in G. lamblia is associated to its _________.

A

flagella

135
Q

Habitat of T. vaginalis

A

Urinary and reproductive system

136
Q

Ovoid, football shaped G. lamblia

A

Cyst

137
Q

True or False.
Inside its insect vector, the amastigote, epimastigote, and promastigote forms occur in the hindgut while the infective metacyclic trypomastigote appear in the midgut.

A

False. It is is the other way around.

138
Q

Diagnosis for antigen detection in stool and utilizes the VSPs for G. lamblia

A

Immunochromatography

139
Q

It consists of 1 ovoid nucleus with a vesicular region filled with chromatin granules

A

T. tenax

140
Q

Stain used for the Diagnosis of T. vaginalis

A

Giemsa/Wright

141
Q

Pathology: Hypermotility of the bowel; irritable bowel syndrome

A

D. fragilis

142
Q

Trichomonas spp. found in the mouth.

A

T. tenax

143
Q

Feeding and non-feeding stage of G. lamblia

A

Trophozoite & cyst respectively

144
Q

In the troph form of G. lamblia, the presence of an adhesive sucking disc for attachment to intestinal cells of the body can cause __________.

A

Mechanical irritation

145
Q

Habitat of G. lamblia

A

Duodenum (where it performs excystation), jejunum, and upper ileum

146
Q

How many flagella do the non-pathogenic flagellates have?

A

T. tenax: 5
T. hominis: 6
C. mesnili: 4

147
Q

Infective stage of T. brucei and T. cruzi

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

148
Q

Supports the locomotion of flagellates.

A

Axostyle/Axial Rod

149
Q

It has one central karyosome with no perichromatin

A

T. hominis

150
Q

It is known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea

A

G. lamblia

151
Q

The stage/s exhibited by T. cruzi

A

All forms: Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, Trypomastigote

152
Q

This refers to the late phase of the Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) disease which marks the involvement of the central nervous system.

A

Meningoencephalitic stage

153
Q

The widely used technique for the diagnosis of T. hominis

A

MIF

154
Q

Trichomonas spp. found in the intestine.

A

T. hominis

155
Q

The infective stage of Leishmania spp. in man.

A

Promastigote

156
Q

Invasive form of G. lamblia

A

Cyst

157
Q

These possess 1 nuclues, 1 kintetoplast, and a flagellum and are also vector-borne.

A

Hemoflagellates

158
Q

Non-pathogenic flagellate found in the cecal region of the large intestine.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

159
Q

Treatment for Leishmaniasis

A

sodium stibogluconate
n-methyl-glucamine (meglumine)

160
Q

Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

L. aethiopica

161
Q

For D. fragilis, this ma also be potential sources of human infection

A

animal reservoir

162
Q

It exhibits brownian motion known as the Hakansson phenomenon.

A

D. fragilis

163
Q

How many host/s will G. lamblia pass its life cycle?

A

One

164
Q

This is activated by duodenal secretions which also facilitates attachment of the parasite into the intestinal cells.

A

Lectin

165
Q

The stage exhibited by Leishmania spp. that develop extracellularly within a vector’s gut.

A

Promastigotes

166
Q

Infective stage of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Trophozoites

167
Q

Co-infection with Enterobiasis

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

Parasitology Lecture (7 decks)

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