Flagellates Flashcards
Beaver-fever
Giardiasis
Examination for trypomastigotes is usually done during this stage of the disease and is more useful for the diagnosis of T. brucei rhodesiense due to relative highler levels of parasitemia.
hemolymphatic stage
The form of Leishmaniasis having symptoms of skin ulcer and painless lesions
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Its associated disease is the African Sleeping Sickness.
Trypanosoma brucei
This is an occupational hazard for persons working in game reserves, and may also be a threat to visitors of game parks.
Rhodesian tryponosomiasis
First discovered in spleen smear of a soilder who died of “Dumdum” fever or Kala-azar contracted at Dum Dum, Calcutta.
Leishmania donovani
He first discovered Giardia lamblia using his own stool in 1681.
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
This provides energy to flagellates.
Kinetoplast
Its cytoplasm have bacteria-filled vacuoles.
D. fragilis (other structures)
He first described G. lamblia in 1859 and coined it Cercomonal intestinalis.
Lambl
Ping-pong disease
Trichomoniasis
Resembles Trichomonas but without flagellum
Dientamoeba fragilis
MOT of Leishmania spp.
- Blood transfusion
- Contamination of bite wounds
- Direct contact w/ contaminated specimens
The disease’s preventive measures include usage of insect repellants containing DEET and permethrin, insecticide-treated clothing, and fine-mesh bed nets.
Leishmaniasis
Treatment for T. cruzi
Nifurtimox & Benznidazole
Causes mucocutaneous
L. braziliensis complex
Main strategy employed to decrease vector population of tsetse flies.
tsetse fly trapping
How many hosts do Leishmania spp. pass their life cycle?
Two: invertebrate and vertebrate hosts
Causes infantile visceral leishmaniasis
L. infantum
T. hominis is also known as
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Water borne parasite infected by copepods
Chilomastix mesnili
It is found in east Africa and is primarily a zoonosis of cattle and wild animals, with humans being accidental hosts.
T. brucei rhodesiense
Also known as Jericho boils, Aleppo button, Baghdad boils, Oriental sore, and Delhi fever.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Its symtoms include a greenish-yellow leukorrheic discharge
T. vaginalis in females
Pear-shaped/ teardrop shaped with “falling leaf”
G. lamblia
For African sleeping sickness, this second-line drug is used in cases of melarsoprol treatment failure.
Nitrofurazone
Identify what is being described:
The stool is voluminous and foul smelling – “rotten egg” odor.
G. lamblia
Vector for the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei
Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.)
The parasite is transmitted via the bite of the blood-sucking tsetse fly feeding from an infected mammalian host.
T. brucei
Treatment for T. vaginalis
Metronidazole, 3x for 4-5 days & Acidic douche (10% vinegar)
This can be grown in Diamond’s medium
G. lamblia
It resembles an old man with whiskers (pertaining to its flagella), a cartoon character and/or a monkey’s face.
G. lamblia
True or False. The use of insecticides and protective clothing are recommended to prevent contact with tsetse flies.
True
The stage/s exhibited by T. brucei
Epimastigote & Trypomastigote only
Protozoa that bear one to several long, delicate, thread-like extensions or whip-like structures of the cytoplasm.
Phylum Sarcomastigophora - Subphylum Masitogophora
Refers to the rib-like structure within the cytostome.
Costa
Metastatic spread of lesion to oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa
Espundia
A conspicous part of a mitochondrion in some flagellates found near the kinetosome.
Kinetoplast
Causes urban anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Oriental sore
L. tropica
Erosion of the pinna of the ear
Chiclero ulcer
This can be transferred from the pregnant woman to their child through the birth canal that also multiplies by binary fission.
Trichomonas vaginalis
This non-pathogenic flagellate is associated with trichomoniasis
T. tenax
The gold standard for detection of G. lamblia
Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay
T or F.
Giardiasis is more common to females than males.
False. It is more common in males.
Also known as Kala-azar or the Dumdum fever
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Treatment for African sleeping sickness for the first stage and with the CNS involvement.
First stage: intravenous suramin sodium & intramusucular pentamidine
Involvement of CNS: intravenous melarsoprol
This is pathogenic and can cause vaginitis
T. vaginalis
First discovered in spleen smear of a soilder who died of “Dumdum” fever or Kala-azar contracted at Dum Dum, Calcutta.
Leishmania donovani
Vegetative stage/Reproductive stage of G. lamblia
Trophozoite
This is the most common form of Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous
This is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection having no cyst stage.
Trichomonas vaginalis
This where tsetse flies live therefore transmission can readily occur when people frequent these areas to swim and do their laundry.
banks of rivers and streams
This is associated with periodental disease
T. tenax
What is being referred to:
MOT. Fecal route or via transmission of helminth eggs particularly that of E. vermicularis
D. fragilis
Diagnosis for G. lamblia whereby a capsule with a string is swallowed by the patient until it reaches the gastric content of the stomach which is removed after 4-6 hours.
Beale String Test/Entero-Test
Pathology: Gay-bowel syndrome
G. lamblia
Trichomonas spp. found in the genito-urinary tract.
T. vaginalis
locomotor apparatus
flagella
This type of Leishmaniasis may be initially diagnosed as lepromatous leprosy whereby it is characterized by a localized, non-ulcerating papule, eventually developing numerous diffuse satellite lesions that affect the face and extremities.
Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Refers to the only pathogenic Trichomonas spp.
Trichomonas vaginalis
True or False. In the meningoencephlitic stage, convulsions, tremors, speech defects, disturbances in speech and reflexes, and even paralysis may follow neurologic symptoms.
True
Infective stage of T. vaginalis.
Trophozoites
Trypanosomes under this group multiply within the mammalian host in a discontinuous manner.
Stercoraria
A process in which trypanosomes are able to evade the immune response of the host.
Antigenic variation
Its common hosts are wild, domestic dogs and small rodents
Leishmania spp.
The ability of the trypomastigote to continuously change its surface coat, composed of variant surface glycoproteins, so that the host’s antibodies cannot recognize the parasite in subsequeant recurrent waves of parasitemia
Antigenic variation
These may be transmitted congenitally, through blood transfuion, by contamination of bite wounds, and by direct contact with contaminated specimens.
Leishmania spp.
Habitat of L. donovani
Liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes of man, and other vertebrate (dogs and hamster)
Also known as cell mouth for phagocytosis
Cytostome
True or False. The trypomastigotes of T. cruzi multiply in the bloodstream.
False
The vector for the hemogellate Trypanosoma cruzi
Assassin bug (Rhodnius spp, panstrongylus spp, and Triatoma spp.)
Pear shaped with rounded anterior & pointed posterior end that looks like an old man with eyeglasses G. lambia.
Trophozoite
The disease was documented in pottery figures.
leishmaniasis
The trophozoites of T. vaginalis thrive in this environment
slightly alkaline or slightly acidic pH
MOT of G. lambia
- Ingestion of contaminated food/water with cyst
- Anal-oral sexual practice
The posterior end of its trophozoite is drawn out into a long cone.
Chilomastix mesnili
What is being described:
Stiff rotary motility in a direction pattern having a boring, spiral forward movement.
Chilomastix mesnili
In wet preparation, the trophozoite of this exhibit rapid Jerky/Jerky-tumbling motility.
T. vaginalis
Infective stage of G. lamblia
Mature cyst
It has one small central or eccentric karyosome with no perichromatin.
Chilomastix mesnili
This non-pathogenic flagellate is quite resistant to changes in temperature that can survive for several hours in drinking water.
T. tenax
It is localized mostly in the western and central regions of sub-Saharan Africa. It primarily affects humans, but utilizes dogs, pigs, and sheep as reservoir hosts.
T. brucei gambiense
A membrane laterally projecting from the body of certain flagellates that participate in active motility of the flagella.
Undulating membrane
MOT of T. vaginalis.
- Sexual intercourse
- Soiled clothing and linens, sharing of washed clothes
The vector for Leishmania spp.
Sandfly
1. OW Phlebotomus spp.
2. NW Lutzomyia Brumptomyia
Pathology: Traveller’s Diarrhea
G. lamblia
This disease causes fever, nausea, vomiting, and generalized lymphadenopathy.
Chagas disease
It can live in moist clothing for a day.
T. vaginalis
This is primarily a disease of poverty
Leishmaniasis
The infective stage of Leishmania spp. in vectors.
Amastigote
Diagnosis for the identification of cysts and trophozoites of G. lamblia
Stool Exam
This type of Leishmaniasis develops in about 2 to 5% of persons with L. braziliensis, either concurrently or even several years after the resolution of skin lesions.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
In stained specimens, trypomastigotes are characteristically shaped as the letter/s:
C, U, or S-shaped
Unlike other trypanosomes, this is an intracellular parasite, with myocytes and cells of the reticuloendothelial system bring the most heavily infected cells.
T. cruzi
Treatment for G. lamblia
Metronidazole (250mg, 3x a day for 1 week)
Cultivation of New World Leishmaniasis
Cultured on Novy, Macneal, Nicolle (NNN) medium & Hockmeyer’s medium
Its cyst is lemon-shaped with a small projection at the anterior end & possess a clear anterior hyaline knob.
Chilomastix mesnili
Flagellates are classified according to ________.
Habitat
1. Intestinal, oral, and genital flagellates
2. Blood and tissue flagellates
Its associated disease is the Chaga’s disease or American trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
True or False. Dientamoeba fragilis is detected by stool concentration method.
False
An important opportunisitic infection in AIDS patients
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Causes American visceral leishmaniasis
L. chagasi
It causes the more acute and rapidly fatal form of sleeping sickness, and accounts for the remaining 5% of HAT cases.
T. brucei rhodesiense
The stage exhibited by Leishmania spp that multiply in host’s macrophages and monocytes.
Amastigote
Name the four culture medium for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis
- Trussel & Johnson’s Medium
- Diamond’s Modified Culture Medium
- Feinberg-Whittington Culture Medium
- Typticase Liver Serum Medium
Examination for trypomastigotes is usually done during this stage of the disease and is more useful for the diagnosis of T. brucei rhodesiense due to relative highler levels of parasitemia.
hemolymphatic stage
Where are trypomastigotes and amastigotes in humans found?
blood stream & tissue cells respectively
Causes cutaneous
L. mexicana complex and L. peruviana
T or F.
Giardia Lamblia multiples by binary fission.
True
Disfiguring leprosy-like tissue destruction and swelling
Tapir Nose
A hemoflagellate that is a similar protozoan to Trypanosoma spp. that is endemic in parts of the tropics and subtropics.
Leishmania spp.
Treatment for D. fragilis
Iodoquinol
Tetracyline
Metronidazole
This leishmanin skin test can be used to identify exposure to the parasite.
Montenegro skin test
The new name of G. lamblia
Giardia duodenalis
It is responsible for 95% of all HAT cases.
T brucei gambiense
Resistant forms that are responsible for the transmission of giardiasis.
Cysts
This is where epimastigotes mature into metacylic trypomastigotes.
Insect’s salivary glands
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as African sleeping sickness, is a highly fatal disease caused by two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei. What are these subspecies?
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
In humans, T. brucei lives in …
blood, reticular tissue of lymph and spleen, and the CSF
Refers to the only known pathogenic instestinal flagellate.
G. lamblia
The earliest sign of African Trypanosomiasis which is a hard, painful lesion at the site of inoculation.
Chancre
Its kinetoplast has a dot-like blepharoplas and parabasal body adjacent to it.
Amastigote
Resides in the mucosal crypts of the large intestine
Dientamoeba fragilis
T. hominis is also known as
Pentatrichomonas hominis
It could be a reservoir host for G. lamblia
Beavers
Also known as Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
American Leishmaniasis
Even though it’s not pathogenic and endocommensal, its presence indicates poor hygience practices and sanitation
Chilomastix mesnili
Cultivation of New World Leishmaniasis
Cultured on Novy, Macneal, Nicolle (NNN) medium & Hockmeyer’s medium
The disease caused by infection of the diploid protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania.
Leishmaniasis
Resembles T. tenax but larger.
T. vaginalis
This was originally described as an amoeba but is a flagellate.
Dientamoeba fragilis
Its nuclei is rosette-shaped, binucleated, having 4-6 chromatin granules, with no perichromatin.
D. fragilis
Causes rural, zoonotic, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Oriental sore
L. major
The resemblance of an old man’s whiskers in G. lamblia is associated to its _________.
flagella
Habitat of T. vaginalis
Urinary and reproductive system
Ovoid, football shaped G. lamblia
Cyst
True or False.
Inside its insect vector, the amastigote, epimastigote, and promastigote forms occur in the hindgut while the infective metacyclic trypomastigote appear in the midgut.
False. It is is the other way around.
Diagnosis for antigen detection in stool and utilizes the VSPs for G. lamblia
Immunochromatography
It consists of 1 ovoid nucleus with a vesicular region filled with chromatin granules
T. tenax
Stain used for the Diagnosis of T. vaginalis
Giemsa/Wright
Pathology: Hypermotility of the bowel; irritable bowel syndrome
D. fragilis
Trichomonas spp. found in the mouth.
T. tenax
Feeding and non-feeding stage of G. lamblia
Trophozoite & cyst respectively
In the troph form of G. lamblia, the presence of an adhesive sucking disc for attachment to intestinal cells of the body can cause __________.
Mechanical irritation
Habitat of G. lamblia
Duodenum (where it performs excystation), jejunum, and upper ileum
How many flagella do the non-pathogenic flagellates have?
T. tenax: 5
T. hominis: 6
C. mesnili: 4
Infective stage of T. brucei and T. cruzi
Metacyclic trypomastigote
Supports the locomotion of flagellates.
Axostyle/Axial Rod
It has one central karyosome with no perichromatin
T. hominis
It is known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea
G. lamblia
The stage/s exhibited by T. cruzi
All forms: Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, Trypomastigote
This refers to the late phase of the Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) disease which marks the involvement of the central nervous system.
Meningoencephalitic stage
The widely used technique for the diagnosis of T. hominis
MIF
Trichomonas spp. found in the intestine.
T. hominis
The infective stage of Leishmania spp. in man.
Promastigote
Invasive form of G. lamblia
Cyst
These possess 1 nuclues, 1 kintetoplast, and a flagellum and are also vector-borne.
Hemoflagellates
Non-pathogenic flagellate found in the cecal region of the large intestine.
Chilomastix mesnili
Treatment for Leishmaniasis
sodium stibogluconate
n-methyl-glucamine (meglumine)
Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
L. aethiopica
For D. fragilis, this ma also be potential sources of human infection
animal reservoir
It exhibits brownian motion known as the Hakansson phenomenon.
D. fragilis
How many host/s will G. lamblia pass its life cycle?
One
This is activated by duodenal secretions which also facilitates attachment of the parasite into the intestinal cells.
Lectin
The stage exhibited by Leishmania spp. that develop extracellularly within a vector’s gut.
Promastigotes
Infective stage of Dientamoeba fragilis
Trophozoites
Co-infection with Enterobiasis
Dientamoeba fragilis
