Treatments (techniques/ risks and benefits)

Question 1

Massage

Answer 1

Effleurage - long flowing strokes
Petrissage - circular moree pressure
Tapotement - cupping/hacking

Risks

• discomfort during/after
• fatigue

Benefits

• increased lymphatic drainage
• increased blood flow
• reduce muscle soreness
• reduce adhesions
• reduce tension
• relaxation
• increased muscle length/rom
• removal of chemical irritants
• increased warmth/pliability

Question 2

Exercise

Answer 2

Max Strength 80-90% 1-5 reps
Power 30-80% 1x5 reps (high speed)
Hypertrophy 60-70% 8-12 reps
Endurance 30-50% 15+ reps

risks - discomfort during/after, injury with poor technique/overloading
benefit - improved function, efficiency, muscle strength, ability to move, increased bone density, reduce sarcopenia ,build muscle, improve neuromuscular coordination

ROM :
Auto assisted
Partner assisted
Gravity assisted

risks - pain/discomfort during/after. potential for damage if not careful with range
benefit- restore range of motion, reduce stiffness, improve muscle length, improve biomechanics

Proprioception:
Joint position sense
mirroring
movement awareness
Incremental weight bearing 

risks - falling/further injury
benefit - reduced risk of falling, improved sensory/positional awareness, improved function, reduces injury risk

Functional:
activities of daily living

Question 3

Mobilisations

Answer 3

Grade 1 - Small Amplitude beginning of range no resistance
Grade 2 - Large Amplitude beginning to mid range no resistance
Grade 3 - Large Amplitude middle to end range into resistance
Grade 4 - Small amplitude end of range into resistance
Grade 5 - Small amplitude High velocity

1&2 pain, 3&4 stiffness

Question 4

Stretching/ROM

Answer 4

Post Isometric Relaxation

Reciprocal Inhibition

Question 5

Ultrasound

Answer 5

Test output with treatment head in water
Wipe down treatment head and target tissue with alcohol wipe
apply coupling agent

better on high protein content

risks- burn
benefits - speed up and improve rate/quality of healing via acoustic streaming/cavitation - improve cell membrane permeability

MUST SKIN TEST

deep 1MHz / superficial 3MHz

acute 0.1-0.3 w/cm2
subacute 0.2-0.5 w/cm2
chronic 0.3-0.8w/cm2

acute 1:4, chronic 1:1

Question 6

TENS

Answer 6

90-130mhz - pain gate
or 2-5mhz - androgenous opioid

blunt sharp skin test
test output 
give to patient
allow to find best range
modulated to prevent acclimatisation

Question 7

Pulsed Shortwave

Answer 7

Hot/cold skin test

acute <3 watts x10min
subacute 2-5 watts x15 min
chronic >5 watts x20 min - risk of burn

better on wet ionic/larger areas - heamatoma, oedema etc.