Obesity and Diabetes Flashcards
What is metabolic syndrome?
combination of:
diabetes (high blood sugar) hypertension (high blood pressure) visceral obesity lipid problems (high LDL/low HDL) high triglycerides
increases risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Atherosclerosis,
what is lipotoxicity?
high levels of body fat leading to:
insulin resistance inflammation joint overload metabolic syndrome osteo/rheumatoid arthritis
what are the steps to cirrhosis of the liver?
healthy
non alcoholic fatty liver disease
non alcoholic state hepatitis
cirrhosis
What is Leptin? what does it do?
appetite regulating hormone, released from fat, triggers hypothalamus
increase blood pressure regulates menstruation regulates bone mass regulate thyroid hormones increase heart rate reduces glucose stimulated insulin secretion activation of immune cells
What is the effect of high leptin levels? (leptin weight gain cycle)
many fat cells secreting lots of leptin leads to:
weight gain leptin resistance disrupted signalling overeating and cravings increased kcal intake weight gain
lipotoxicty can cause insulin resistance. countered by exercise and weight loss
what are normal ranges of body fat %, visceral fat %, abdominal circumference, BMI?
body fat % 21-33 Women/ 8-19 Men
visceral fat % under 10%
abdominal circumference
<31.5in/80cm W
<37in/ 94cm M
BMI 18.5- 24.9 normal
What are the negative implications of being obese?
increased risk of:
cancer death atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis coronary heart disease stroke diabetes type 2 hypertension joint issues
what are normal, prediabetic and diabetic blood sugar levels (random and fasted)?
random
normal: <11.1mmol/L or <200mg/dL
pre: n/a
diabetic: > 11.1mmol/L or >200mg/do
fasted
normal: <5.5mmol/L or 100mg/dL
pre: 5.5 - 6.9mmol/L or 100-125mg/dL
diabetic: >7mmol/L or 126mg /dL
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
type 1 is an autoimmune disorder where the body cannot produce insulin
type 2 is a lifestyle disease caused by obesity/poor diet/poor exercise. cells become insulin resistant
What are the exercise considerations for type 1 diabetics?
exercise could add to dysglycaemia
can induce hypoglycemia post exercise - aerobic = greater drop but anaerobic = longer lasting
supplement CHO pre/during/post in line with blood sugar level trend
ensure diabetic is aware of their normal reaction/state
consider type/intensity/duration of exercise and assess risk in terms of blood sugar levels and exercise tolerance
contraindications - hypoglycemia pre exercise <70mg/dL
1st aid:
Hypoglycemia- give CHO immediately
Hyperglycemia - get to hospital
what are the symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?
hypoglycemia:
rapid decline pale,cold,clammy, rapid HR fatigue, dizzy, weak, hungry, confused blurred vision convulsions coma
hyperglycemia:
increased urination, thirst, hunger, weakness, tiredness
blurred vision
weight loss
How would you advise type 2 diabetics to exercise?
2-3x resistance training per week
HIIT
150min exercise per week
can reverse insulin resistance, reduce fat
what is the longer term blood glucose marker?
haemoglobin a1C Hba1C reflective of past 6-8 weeks.
high hba1c = poor glycemic control
Describe how the pancreas and liver control blood sugar levels
High blood sugar promotes insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates glycogen formation in the liver and glucose uptake from blood into cells, reducing blood sugar levels.
Low blood sugar promotes glucagon release from pancreas, stimulating glycogen breakdown in liver, raising blood sugar levels.
What is the role of the pancreas? (structures/chemicals/pathways)
The pancreas releases insulin and glucagon to control glucose levels. Also regulates lipolysis (release of free fatty acids)
Islets of langerhans contain:
Beta cells - Insulin - Glucose uptake
Alpha cells - Glucagon - Glucose release
