Treatment/Interventions

Question 1

Effects of Divorce

Answer 1

1. At the time of the divorce, children have more social, academic, and behavioral problems compared to children not expreicing a divorce and remaining in a 2 parent household.
2. 3-6 years old feel responsible, 7- 12 years old experience school problems; Teen think they could had stop it and feel hurt and critical of their parents. It take about 3-5 years to recover. About 33% experience lasting trauma.
3. Divorce is better than constant conflict
4. Initally girls do better that boys, but as they become teens they are at risk if mother remarries; blended family there is more conflict between daughter and stepmother
5. At time of divorce younger children are more anxious, but adapt more quickly and have fewer bad memories than older children

Question 2

Best option for violent husband

Answer 2

The wife refuses to tolerate the situation and further and has her husband arrested

Question 3

Effects of Working Mothers

Answer 3

1. There are inconsistencies in the data. Working mothers tend to have more egalitariona view of sex roles than stay at home mothers.
2. Cognitve impact- middle class boys have a lower academic performance if they attend daycare compared to middle class stay at home mothers; while lowe SES boys have higher academic compared to low SES boy stay at home mothers

3.

Question 4

Meta-Analysis: Effect Size (Smith and Glass) effectiveness of therapy

Answer 4

An effect size is a measure of standard deviation units of difference between treated and untreated subjects.

(Smith and Glass 1980) found the average effect size of .85 in comparing treated and untreated individuals; This indicated that at the end of treatment the average treated person is better off that 80% of the untreated sample

Howard (et. al 1986) found 50% of clients showed improvement by the 8th session, 75% of clients showed improvement at the end of 6 months

Question 5

Effects of Working Mothers

Answer 5

1. There are inconsistencies in the data. Working mothers tend to have more egalitariona view of sex roles than stay at home mothers.
2. Cognitve impact- middle class boys have a lower academic performance if they attend daycare compared to middle class stay at home mothers; while lowe SES boys have higher academic compared to low SES boy stay at home mothers
3. Emotional Development: no difference for infants who start daycare before the age of 3 months
4. Social Development: children in daycare tend to be more sociable, self-confident, and presistent, yet they are more disobedient, less polite, bossier, and more aggressive than children that do not attend daycare

Question 6

Minorities in treatment and dropouts

Answer 6

Lower SES have been correlated with higher levels of mental illness and psychological distress (2 to 3 times higher). Individuals with lower SES and education dprop out at a higher rate that those of higher SES and education. Howerer, when individual with lower SES stay in treamtement they benefit just like higher SES individuals.

Question 7

Primary Prevention vs. Secondary Prevention vs. Tertiary Prevention

Answer 7

Primary Prevention prevents the problem or disorder from occurring altogether (alcohol and drug education, Head Start, and vaccinations).

Seconday Prevention involves eary identification of and aggressive treatment for disorders or problems that already exists (mammograms, hotlines, aggressive treatment for children with conduct disorders to prevent development of antisocial personality disorder, screeninfor learning disability, HIV screening, disaster relief).

Tertiary Prenention focus on reducing or minimizing the long-term consequences of a chronic condition (vocational rehabilitation, assisted living homes, day treatment centers, 12-step programs for alcoholics or addicts.

Question 8

Client-Centered Case Consultation vs. Consultee-Centered Case Consutation vs. Program-Centered Administrative Consultatin vs. Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation

Answer 8

Client-centered case consultation the consultant helps the consulted with an individual client. While Consultee-centered case consultation the consultant helps the consulted with difficulties he/she is having working with clients.

Consultee-centered administrative consultation the consultant focuses on the consultee’s difficulties that linite effectiveness in instutiuting program change. While program-centered administrative consultation the consultant focused on developing, expanding, or modifying a program.

Case vs. Administrative Consultation:
Case consultation refers to clinically-orinted consultation; administrative consultation refers to consultatin amined at administravie issues or programmatic change.

Client-Centered vs. Consultee-Centered CaseConsultation:
Clinet-centerd counsutation always involves consultation on one case or one client; while consultee-centered case consultation involuses helping the consultee with a group of clients

Question 9

Crisis-Intervention vs. Brief Therapy

Answer 9

Crisis intervention is on the crisis itself and on restoring the client to the pre-crisis level of functioning; while brief therapy focuses on helong the client to attain higher-level of functioning by addressing conflicts, interpersoal problems and other long-standing issues.

Question 10

Most effective compoents of groups: cohesiveness, catharsis, and self-understanding

Answer 10

According to Yalon group offer 12 distinct factions that contribute to the therapeutic process, but the most important are:
1. Cohesiveness- the most critical component; is analogous to the relationship or rapport in individual therapy, and is defined as the attractiveness of the group to its members. It leads to acceptance, intimacy and understanding, while permitting greater expression of hostility and conflict among members and twards the leader.

2. Catharis-the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions
3. Self-understanding

Question 11

Social Learning Family Therapy:

Answer 11

Focuses on deficient rewards and communication deficits

Question 12

Coalition vs. Triangulation vs. Joining

Answer 12

Coalition-

Traingulation- a child is caough in the middle of the parents’ conflict

Joining

Question 13

Disengaged vs Enmeshed

Answer 13

In enmeshed families, boundaries do not allow for individuation; they are too fluid, and have become crossed and often distorted. Boundaries are constantly crossed in numerous ways. Disengaged or detached families that share little to nothing, typically overly rigid families, are described as detached

Question 14

Coalition vs. Triangulation vs. Joining

Answer 14

Coalition-one parent unites with the child against the other parent

Traingulation- a child is caught in the middle of the parents’ conflict with each parent wanting the child to side with him/her

Joining or Detouring- parents express their distress through one child by focusing on the child rather than the underlying issues

Question 15

Summative vs. Formative Evaluation

Answer 15

Formative, beginning, helps with treatment planning

Summative, at the end. helps summarize treatment

Question 16

Double blind vs. Paradoxical Interventions

Answer 16

Double bild is a dilemma in communication in which an individual (or group) receives two or more conflicting messages, with one negating the other. So that the person will automatically be wrong regardless of response he/she gives. The double bind occurs when the person cannot confront the inherent dilemma, and therefore can neither resolve it nor opt out of the situation.Double binds are often utilized as a form of control without open coercion—the use of confusion makes them difficult both to respond to and to resist.

Paradoxical interventions could best be described as when a therapist directs his or her client to perform the very problem the client is seeking to eradicate. The underlying principle is that clients’ implement certain emotions and actions for specific reasons.

Question 17

Boundaries and hierachy

Answer 17

Within families, members take on roles delineated by boundaries that become understood by all members. The resultant family hierarchy spans all living generations and provides an organized system through which needs for the family survival become met. The most important purpose of these boundaries and the resultant structure is to create a system for passing along affection, values, and learning to future generations.

Question 18

Object Relational Family Therapy

Answer 18

A branch of psychodynamic famiy therapy that focuses on transferences and projections between couples or family members

Question 19

Negative vs, Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 19

Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. Negative feedbacks tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable.

Question 20

Feminist therapy

Answer 20

focues on socio-political climate and egalitarian relationships with client, promote independence and autonomy, therapist serves as a role model

Question 21

Biodeedback

Answer 21

focuses on decreasin g arousal of the sympathetic nervous system; research as been inconsistent. EMG biofeedback for tension headaches and thermal biofeedback for migraine are both eggective. and EMG tends to be more effective.

Question 22

Hypnosis

Answer 22

subjective experiential change; an altered state of consciousness; and be used in place of anesthesia to control pain; used to Street chronic pain, asthma, conversion symptions and substance use

Question 23

Biofeedback: EMG, EEG, EDR, and temperature

Answer 23

Electromygraphy (EMG)- measures surface muscle tension of forehead, jaw, or lower back and used to treat tension headaches, temporomandibular joint pain (TMJ), and back pain. EMG biofeedback is commonly combined with progressive or passive muscle relaxation training and with people requiring neuromuscular rehab due to a stroke.

Electroencephalography (EGG) measure brain waves and used to treat people suffering from hyperactivity or seizure disorders by targeting the alpha waves or the aah waves to bring about relaxation.

Temperature (thermal) biofeedback measure peripheral skill tempture and sed to treat miagaine headaches and Reynaud’s disease. the goals is for the client to beable to increase peripheral temperature.

Elecrodernal Respose (EDR) asl called Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Question 24

Biofeedback: EMG, EEG, EDR, and temperature

Answer 24

Electromygraphy (EMG)- measures surface muscle tension of forehead, jaw, or lower back and used to treat tension headaches, temporomandibular joint pain (TMJ), and back pain. EMG biofeedback is commonly combined with progressive or passive muscle relaxation training and with people requiring neuromuscular rehab due to a stroke.

Electroencephalography (EGG) measure brain waves and used to treat people suffering from hyperactivity or seizure disorders by targeting the alpha waves or the aah waves to bring about relaxation.

Temperature (thermal) biofeedback measure peripheral skin temperature and is used to treat miagaine headaches and Reynaud’s disease. the goals is for the client to be able to increase peripheral temperature.

Electrodermal Respose (EDR) asl called Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) is used to measure skin conductivity or sweat and used to treat genralized anxiety

Question 25

Gestalt Therapy: Introjection, Projection, Retroflection, Deflection, and Confluence (Type of Ego Defenoses)

Answer 25

Introjection- a process whereby people take information in whole, results in problems with being overly compliand and gullible

Projection- a process by which people project their feelings onto others, which results in paranoia; Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source

Retrofelection- a process in which people turn back onto themself what they want like to do to others, results in self-destructive behaviors

Deflection-a process by which people distance themselves from their feelings through distraction, humor, generalization, and asking questions rather than making statements

Confluence- a lack of awareness of a differentiation between self and others, in an attempt to avoid conflicts

Question 26

Rogers’ Client/Person-Centered Therapy

Answer 26

Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence between one’s true feelings (self) and experience (ability to be aware of these feelings and express them to others)

Question 27

Jung vs. Freud

Answer 27

Jung focused on adult development, while Freud emphasized infantile development. According to Jung, the structure of the psyche includes the conscious ego, the personal unconscious (similar to Freud’s unconscious), and the collective unconscious.

Question 28

Jung (Analytic Psychology), a Neo-Freudian

Answer 28

The collective unconscious is transpersonal or impersonal and there are 4 archetypes what are primordial images and ideas that are inherited and common to all humans: persona (social mask), shadow (one’s hidden aspects) anima (female aspect), and animus (male aspect). Each person has all 4 archetypes.

Question 29

Adler: Individual Psychology

Answer 29

Alfred Adler believed that each person strives for superiority or personal competence . He introduced the comcepts of :inferiority feelings”. “life-style”, “striving for superiority” and “social interest” He tried to help is patients “see the power of self-determination and “command the courage” to alter their interpretation of events and life experiences

Humans are motivated by soical (aggressive) urges. Our happiness is largely related to the social connectedness and our ability to transcend the self. He proposed that the more one’s life-style is connected to struggles for power at the expense of social interest, the more likely the person is to engage in maladaptive behaviors.

He devloped the STEP (Systematic Training in Effective Parenting) advocates a democratic approach to parenting that values and respects the child’s contribution. It encourges parents to understad their child’s misbehavior as reflecting 1 or 4 mistaken goals (attention, power, revenge, or giving up).

Question 30

Phenomenological approach/perspective

Answer 30

The corner-stone of humanistic and existentialist psychologist that emphasize the client’s subjective experiences and requires the therapist to enter the client’s world

Question 31

teleological vs. deterministic

Answer 31

Jung’s therapy is teleological, meaning that the behavior is seen as determined by the future; while Freud see behavior as deterministic- determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual drives, and psychosexual events of the first six years of life

Question 32

Neo-Freudians

Answer 32

focus on the impact of social and cultural factors in determining personality. They believe they psychological disturbances are results of faulty learning, and involves

Question 33

objective permanence vs. objective constancy

Answer 33

objective permanence- the ability to remain aware of a object existence even when it is not physically presence

objective constancy- the ability to recognize the good and bad part and integrating the parts into the whole

Question 34

defensive vs. adaptive functions of the ego

Answer 34

Freud thought that neurotic anxiety resulted when the unacceptable urges of the id become to strong to be controlled by the ego; the ego resorts to ego-defense mechanisms to prevent the id’s forbidden impulses form entering consciousness. Defense mechanisms work through self-deception and distortion of reality so that the id’s urges will not have to be acknowledge

Sublimation is a normal and healthy way to deal with unconscious forbidden desires of the id.

Question 35

Personality Development explained by: ego psychology vs. object relations vs. Neo-Freudian vs. self psychology

Answer 35

Ego psychologist focus on the ego’s capacity for integration and adaptation. The ego guides a person’s capacity to master life.

Object relations focus on the interpersonal relationships between child and mother, and impact on personality development

Neo-Freudian focus on the impact of social and cultural factors in determining personality

Self-psychology (Kohut) focus on the development of primary narcissism; and on the empathic attunement with clients and prefer interpretations that are experience near (present focus)

Question 36

Parts of classical analysis: Transference and countertransference

Answer 36

are important in analytic work, with transference (both positive and negative) seen as forms of resistance that must be worked through.

Transference is caused by the client who takes out their feelings about others on to the therapist

Countertransference is experienced by the therapist and the therapist can point out these actions or feelings that he/she feels when the client acts a certain way

Question 37

Repression and other defense mechanisms

Answer 37

Repression is the most basic and commonly used defense mechanism and believed to underlie all the other defenses.

Regression- involves guarding against anxiety by retreating to behaviors of an earlier, less demanding, and safer stage of development.

Projection- involves seeing one’s unconscious urges in another person’s behavior. Leads to suspicion and paranoia

Displacement- involves the transference of emotion from the original object (person) to some substitute or symbolic representation; is a factor in phobias

Reaction formation- involves engaging in behaviors that are the exact opposite of the id’s real urges

Intellectualization- involves distancing the self from one’s feelings

Rationalization- involves coming up with self-satisfying, yet incorrect reasons for one’s behavior

Sublimation- involves finding socially acceptable ways of discharging energy from unconscious forbidden desires.

Question 38

Theodore Millon personality disorders and primary defenses

Answer 38

Schizoid = intellectualization
Narcissistic = rationalization
Paranoid = projection
Borderline = regression
Histrionic= dissociation 
Dependent = introjection
Antisocial = acting out

Question 39

Primary vs Secondary Process: Freud 2 kinds of mental functioning

Answer 39

Primary Process- include dreams and hallucinations; an urgent attempt at tension reduction even at the expense of reality

Secondary Process- include thinking and speaking; focus on meeting the demands of reality and by the ability to delay gratification

Question 40

Alloplastic vs Autoplastic

Answer 40

Alloplastic (“allo” = other)- reactions to stress involve trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment; Narcissistic Personality and Borderline Personality Disorder use alloplastic defenses

Autoplastic (“auto” = oneself)- reaction to stress involves trying to change oneself or blaming oneself; Major Depression or Anxiety use autoplastic defenses

Question 41

Rehn’s Self-Control Theory of Depression

Answer 41

Self-Control Theory of Depression integrates cognitive and behavioral models of depression.

Question 42

Rehn’s Self-Control Theory of Depression

Answer 42

Self-Control Theory of Depression integrates cognitive and behavioral models of depression. It states that depression the result of negative self-evaluation, lack of self-reinforcement, and high rates of sefl-punishment

Question 43

Protocol Analysis

Answer 43

A procedure that is used when a person is learning a task and is asked to describe aloud the steps being taken to solve the task. It is used to gain access to people’s problem-solving strategies.

Question 44

Self-Instructional Training vs. Stress Inoculation

Answer 44

Sefl-instructional training- a set of procedures that combines modeling and graduated practice with elements of rational emotive theory, to help individuals (i.e. ADHD) that have problems completing tasks.

1. Therapist modeling- therapist show task & verbalize steps and client watches and listens
2. Therapist verbalization- therapist verbalize steps and client does task
3. Patient verbalization- the client does the task while verbalizing steps
4. Patient Silently talks through the task- the client does tasks while mouthing directions
5. Independent task performance- client performs the task while thinking the task through

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)- a set of guidelines for treating stressed individuals. Used to treat PTSD, anxiety, anger, stress, and medical problems. This is based on the principle that you bolster the client’s stress coping skills by mastering milder stressors with the hopes of preventing more severe stress. There are 3 steps:

1. Education and cognitive preparation- initial phase clients taught that they do not react directly to events, but rather that their reactions depend upon their interpretations of events.
2. Coping skills acquisition- 2nd phase focuses on developing new coping skills or encouraging clients to utilize their already available coping skills: relaxation, coping self-statements, imagery, and thought stopping
3. Application of skills in imagination and in vivo-3rd phase, clients are encouraged to apply their coping skills on a graduated basis, across increasing levels of stressors. A central component of the application phase is relapse prevention. Clients are encouraged to explore high-risk situations, to look at how coping might be employed, and to view lapse as a potential learning opportunity.

Question 45

Beck’s Cognitive Triad of Depression

Answer 45

1. Negative view of self- oneself is viewed negatively and is seen as defective and inadequate.
2. Negative view of the world- the world is experienced negatively, events are interpreted negatively, and there is, and expectation of failure and punishment
3. Negative view of the future- the expectation of continued hardship or negative appraisal of the future

Question 46

Beck vs. Ellis

Answer 46

Beck’s cognitive therapy overlaps Ellis’ REBT with regard to cognitive focus. However, Beck emphasizes empirical hypothesis testing as a means of changing behavior. Beck uses behavioral assignments, homework, and Socratic questioning to help the client test the validity of their beliefs. Beck advocates a more collaborative style than that used in REBT.

Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) was the 1st cognitive-behaviorl treatment approach. REBT approaches problems in a direct and straightforward way by convincing clients of their irrationality. Emotional distrubances are thought to result from irrational beliefs.

Ellis proposed an ABC model. A= activating event, B = the belief, C= the consequence or emotional/behavioral outcome; and later added D= the disputing intervention, E= the adoption of a more effective philosophy and F= new feelings

Direct instruction, persuasion, and logical disputation are maymbolic vs live vs, pajor procedural components of REBT. REBT techniques are active and confontative: including homework, relaxation, and rehearsal.REBT is used with anxiety, depression, anger, marital difficulties, imperpersonal problems, personality disorders, eating disorders, and psychotic disorders.

Question 47

Kohler vs. Tolman

Answer 47

Edward Tolman challenged the beliefs of Thorndike and Skinner that behavior is a completed change of stimulus-response connections that is strengthened by a rewarding consequence. Tolman studied rats and mazes and concluded that learning involves the acquisition and use of knowledge rather than simple conditioned changes in outward behavior.

Wolfgang Kohler, like Tolman, believed that behaviorists underestimated aminals’ cognitive processes and abilities. Kohler studied chimpanzee and their use of sticks reach bananas outside of their cage. He found that learning occurred as the result of insight.

Question 48

Symbolic vs. Live vs. Participant Modeling

Answer 48

Symbolic modeling- or filmed modeling, the client watches a film when the model enjoys progressively more intimate interaction with the feared object or anxiety-producing setting.

Live modeling- or in-vivo, entails having the client observe a live model engage in the graduated interactions with the feared object or anxiety-producing situation.

Participant modeling- consists of live modeling plus contact with the model. The model gradually guides the client in activities either involving physically interacting with feared object, or dealing with the anxiety-producing situation. This approach is helpful with children with phobias.

Question 49

Escape vs. Avoidance Learning

Answer 49

Escape learning, the aversive stimulus cannot be avoided altogether. However, once the aversive stimulus has started, it can be stopped by emitting the desired behavior. Example, robbed at gun point, give the mugger your purse.

Avoidance learning- one can entirely avoid the aversive stimulus by emitting the desired behavior in time. Example, pay your bills on-time to avoid the late fees and shut off services.

Question 50

Optimizing Effects of Punishment

Answer 50

Punishment should be delivered at maximum intensity the first time, it should be certain, and there should be little delay between the occurrence of the undesirable behavior and the punishment.

When punishment is used alternative routes to reinforcement should be made clear. Tell the person what is expected to avoid or stop the punishment.

Question 51

Self-Control Procedures

Answer 51

Self-monitoring- one keels a detailed record of what one does (e.g. a journal of food eaten).

Stimulus control- involves narrowing the range of stimuli that elicits a particular behavior (e.g. eating only at a specific time at a specific table and developing incompatible response (e.g. going for a walk instead of snacking)

Question 52

Primary vs, Secondary vs. Generalized Conditioned Reiforcers

Answer 52

Primary reinforcers are those reinforcers that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (e.g. food).

Secondary reinforcers acquire their reinforcing value through training or experience (e.g. praise).

Generalized conditioned reinforcers- are not inherently reinforcing, however they take on reinforcing value because their give the person access to other reinforcers (e.g. money and tokens).

Question 53

Exposure (flooding) vs Implosive Therapy

Answer 53

Exposure or flooding is a classical extinction treatment. It can take place in vivo (live) or in imagination. The client should be exposed to the CS (conditioned stimulus) for at least 45 minutes. The treatment is effective with PTSD, social anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia/

Implosive therapy is exposure to the conditioned stimulus in imagination. The method was developed by Stampfl and he asked clients to vividly recall a scene which the client was attached. After the client is exposed to the feared object in imagination, the therapist interprets possible psychosexual themes.

Question 54

Aversive Conditioning vs. Systematic Desensitization

Answer 54

Aversive counterconditioning can be done either in vivo, or in imagination, When done imagination, it is called covert sensitization. It is only sued to eliminate “deviant” or “bad” behaviors like drinking, smoking, or fetishes. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an new stronger stimulus. The new stimulus elicits a strong negative response. Examples, electric shock is used to stop over eating or smoking, or Antabuse (disulfiram) to stop drinking alcohol.

Systematic desensitization is a counterconditioning technique developed by Wolpe and is used to treat specific phobias. The client first learns how to relax. Then the client develops an anxiety hierarchy. Next, the client is gradually exposed to the items on their list while practicing their relaxation skills. The client can not move forward until they are able to demonstrate no increase anxiety or muscle tension. The method can be done either in vivo or imagination. *Flooding or exposure had been found to be more effective than systematic desensitization.

Question 55

Counterconditioning vs. Extinction

Answer 55

Counterconditioning is based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition-the notion that 2 incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time., but rather the stronger response with inhibit the weaker response (e.g. fear will inhibit pleasure).

Classical Extinction is a treatment intervention that requires the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the client is not allowed to flee while the CS is presented.