Section 1: Learning Flashcards
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
In one series of studies, Pavlov paired presentation of a ringing bell with presentation of meat powder so that eventually the ringing bell alone elicited salivation. In these studies, the ringing bell was the CS as the result of being repeatedly paired with meat powder. Presentation of the ringing bell alone produced a CR of salivation.
What is Pavlovian, respondent, or stimulus-response conditioning?
Classical conditioning focuses on automatic or involuntary responses that were studied by Ivan Pavlov and John Watson.
Conditioning is another word for learning.
How does classical conditioning occur?
CS (bell) + US (food) = CR (salavation)
Condition Stimulus + Uncondition Stimulus = Conditioned Response
the CS was once a Neurtal Stimulus (NS) until it was paired with the US
Father of Modern Behaviorism
John Watson and Rayner conducted Little Albert study. white rate (CS) + loud sound (US) = fear (CR)
After several trails, Albert became fearful of other furry white objects (rabbits, Santa Claus, etc.) A concept known as Stimulus Generlization.
Who is Edward Thondike and what did he study?
Thorndike studied how animals learn. He thought his findings from animals behavior and learning could be applied to human learning. He developed Thorndike’s Laws of Learning: Effect, Exercise, and Readiness. Thondike studied Operant Conditioning.
Describe Thorndike’s Laws of Learning.
- Law of Effect: states that responses are accompanied or followed by pleasant results (called satisfies) are more likely to be repeated. Responses that are accompanied or followed by discomfort (called annoyers) are not as likely to be repeated. The law of effect is based on the idea that response recuuence is governed by the effect or result of the response (i.e. reward or punishment).
- Law of Exercise: a behaviors that is repeated several times in the presence of a particular stimulus will become related to or associated with the stimulus; the behavior will be more likely to be repeated in the presence of the stimulus.
- Law of Readiness: a subject must be ready to perform an act before the performance can be satisfying
Who is B.F. Skinner
Skinner was influenced by Thorndike and developed Operant Conditioning.
What is Skinnerian conditioning or instrumental conditoning?
Operant Conditioning- states that we learn as a result of rewards and punishments. E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner major theorists. Operant conditioning pertains to responses that are voluntary and learned as a result of environmental influences.
Classical versus Operant Conditioning
Operant behaviors differe for respondent (classical conditioning) in two ways: (1) operant behavior is voluntary when respondent behavior is involuntary (or innately learned) and (2) opernat behaviors are a result of environmental consequences or influences (i.e. reward/cost(pushinment), whereas respondents are a results of paring unconditional and conditional stimuli.
Unconditioned vesus conditioned stimulus/response
A unconditioned stimulus are those things that evoke an unconditioned response: US –> UR. Unconditioned responses are inborn, require no learning, and are generally the same for all members of a species. Conditioned responses, by contrast, results from experience and learning and varies significantly among member of a species. CS–> CR.
Backward versus standard conditioning
In backwards conditioning, the US + CS results in not learning. Where as in standard conditioning the CS + US = CR (learning)
Stimulus (mediated) Generalization versus Response Generalizatization
(What’s changing, the stimulus or the response?)
Stimulus (mediated) generalization occurs when a subject begins to emit the target behavior in the presence of stimuli similar to but not exactly the same as the discrimative stimulus. Example, child who gets attention when he while in the presence of his grandmother may also whine in the presence of other elderly individuals, expecting reinforcement.
Response generalization refers to performing a behavior that is similar but not identical to the one that has been previously been reinforced. Example, a friend bakes a pie and you give her praise. The next time the friend come over she bakes cookies, looking for praise again.
Classical versus Operant Extinction
What’s being withheld?
Classical extinction results from repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Operant extinction resulted from ceasing to reinforce behavior that has been previously been reinforced.
Spontaneous Recovery versus Response Burst
During the classical extinction trails, following a rest perion, the condition response (CR) to the conditioned stimulus (CS) ofter briefly reappears. Example, a dog is repeated presented with a a tone (CS) and no meat powder (US) and will eventually stop salivating to the tone. But he next day, the dog initially salivate (CR) to the tone (CS) and then stops salivating when the tone (CS) is continuing presented.
Response Burst occurs when operant extinction is used. At first, withholding reinforcement will usually result in an increase in the behavior. Example, a child who uses winning to ger her way will actually whine more if her father suddenly stops responding to her winning, and over thine the whining will stop altogether. become extinct.
Habituation versus Satiation
Habituation is related to classical conditioning. Habituation always involves the uncondontioned stimulus (US). The person becomes accustomed to and less responsive to the US after repeated exposure and eventually stops displaying the unconditioned response (UR). Or stated another way, habituation involves a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and it requires that a stimulus be increased to gain the initial response. Example, if you move near a busy highway, at first the loud noise (US) causes you to be startled (UR), but after a few weeks, you no longer notice the highway noise.
Satiation is related to operant conditioning. Satiation describes when a reinforcer loses it value due to overuse.
