Treatment/intervention Flashcards
Interventions based on behaviorism
psychopathology results from problematic learned patterns; based on classical conditioning, operant condition, and social learning theory
Interventions based on classical conditioning
involve unlearning previous problematic connections (e.g., phobias, anxiety, addictions); counter-conditioning and classical extinction
Interventions based on counter-conditioning
systematic desensitization, sensate focus, assertiveness training, aversive conditioning
Interventions based on classical extinction
flooding, implosive therapy
Systematic desensitization
based on counter-conditioning; developed by Joseph Wolpe; train client to relax, then exposure hierarchy; research indicates effective, but not as effective as flooding
Sensate focus
based on counter-conditioning; developed by Masters and Johnson; uses pleasure to counter-condition performance anxiety (body massages that are discontinued at first sign of anxiety); require couple initially to abstain from intercourse
Masters and Johnson sexual response cycle stages
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Assertiveness training
based on counter-conditioning; assertiveness response antagonistic to social anxiety
Aversive conditioning
based on counter-conditioning; used to eliminate “bad” or “deviant” behaviors; conditioned stimulus paired with new and stronger aversive stimulus; in vivo or in imagination; may have short-term benefits, but not effective in long run; high rates of recidivism
Covert sensitization
aversive conditioning done in imagination
Antabuse
response of nausea or vomiting when ingesting alcohol
Disulfiram
Antabuse; response of nausea or vomiting when ingesting alcohol
Interventions based on classical extinction
present conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus until CS no longer elicits CR; techniques are flooding or implosive therapy
Flooding
based on classical extinction; in vivo or in imagination; present CS without US; prolonged exposure (about 45 min) more effective than multiple, briefer periods (can exacerbate); flooding with response prevention more effective than systematic desensitization for agoraphobia, OCD, specific phobias
Implosive therapy
based on classical extinction; developed by Stampfl; client exposed to feared object in imagination, therapist interprets psychosexual themes; research indicates gains only due to exposure component
Treatment approaches based on operant conditioning
involve reinforcement or punishment; typically involves functional assessment; behavior modification program
Treatment based on reinforcement
shaping, token economies, contingency contracting, Premack principle, differential reinforcement, self-reinforcement;
Primary reinforcers
reinforce everyone at all ages from all cultures (e.g., food
Secondary reinforces
acquire reinforcing value through training or experience (e.g., praise)
Generalized conditioned reinforcers
not inherently reinforcing but take on value because give access to other reinforcers (e.g., money, tokens)
Contingency contracting
utilized when there are problematic interactions between two or more people; helps people involved identify behaviors they most want from one another and negotiate a contract for their exchange
Premack principle
principle of reinforcer relativity; use high frequency behavior to reinforce low frequency behavior (e.g., eat vegetables before going out to play); “Grandma’s Rule”
Principle of reinforcer relativity
Premack principle; use high frequency behavior to reinforce low frequency behavior
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO)
also differential reinforcement of incompatible responses (DRI) or differential reinforcement of alternative responses (DRA); combines extinction and positive reinforcement; example: ignore off-task behavior, reinforce on-task behavior