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EPPP > Learning & Behavior > Flashcards

Learning & Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Respondent conditioning

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

Classical conditioning

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3
Q

Stimulus-response conditioning

A

Classical conditioning

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4
Q

John Watson

A

Little Albert

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5
Q

Unconditioned reflex

A

unconditioned stimulus → unconditioned response

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6
Q

Conditioned reflex

A

conditioned stimulus → conditioned response

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that naturally evokes no response

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8
Q

Delay conditioning

A

CS precedes US by short interval and then overlaps US; standard pairing for conditioning

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9
Q

Trace conditioning

A

CS precedes US and stops right before US

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10
Q

Temporal conditioning

A

US presented at consistent time interval (time becomes CS)

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11
Q

Stimulus conditioning

A

NS and US completely overlap; no learning or conditioning takes place because no contingency

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12
Q

Backward conditioning

A

US precedes NS; no learning or conditioning takes place because no contingency

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13
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

automatically generalizes from a conditioned stimulus (CS) to other similar neutral stimuli; same as mediated generalization

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14
Q

Mediated generalization

A

automatically generalizes from a conditioned stimulus (CS) to other similar neutral stimuli; same as stimulus generalization

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15
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

deliberate process in which a CS is paired with an unrelated NS until NS becomes a CS and also elicits CR
Includes second order conditioning, third order conditioning
Impossible beyond third level

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16
Q

Classical extinction

A

repeatedly presenting CS without US, eventually extinguishing CR

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17
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

CR to CS briefly reappears following rest period during extinction trials

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18
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

learns to distinguish between two NS based on which is paired with US

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19
Q

Experimental neurosis

A

if stimulus discrimination is made too difficult, animal will become agitated; no longer able to discriminate previously learned discrimination

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20
Q

Pseudoconditioning

A

NS that was not deliberately paired with US or CS comes to elicit CR (e.g., light turned on in room)

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21
Q

Habituation

A

Less responsive to US after repeated exposure, no longer elicits UR
Always involves US, not CS
Not possible with all US (e.g., electric shock)

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22
Q

Blocking

A

Occurs when an association between a CS and a US has been made and, subsequently, the presence of the CS blocks an association being made between a new neutral stimulus and the US when the CS and the new neutral stimulus are presented together prior to the US

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23
Q

Overshadowing

A

when two or more more stimuli are present, and one stimulus produces a stronger response than the other because it is more relevant or salient; Overshadowing is the finding that learning about a cue (referred to as X) is reduced when that cue is always accompanied by a second cue (referred to as A) during the learning phase (AX)

24
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

a technique in behavior therapy that aims to replace an undesired response (e.g., anxiety) with a desired one by counterconditioning. It relies on the gradual substitution of a response that is incompatible with the original one and is potent enough to neutralize the anxiety-evoking power of the stimulus. See also systematic desensitization. [devised by Joseph Wolpe]

25
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

devised reciprocal inhibition technique for behavior therapy

26
Q

Skinnerian conditioning

A

Operant conditioning

27
Q

Instrumental conditioning

A

Operant conditioning

28
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

behaviors initially random, followed by rewards and punishers, influences future behavior
(Later took out punishment, though still generally included)

29
Q

E.L.Thorndike

A

Thorndike’s Law of Effect; operant conditioning

30
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

The operant conditioning process (Skinner’s theory of learning) The notion of schedules of reinforcement. Introduction of response rates as a dependent variable in research

31
Q

Operant strength

A

strength of behavior (during both acquisition and extinction)

32
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

best for acquiring new behaviors

33
Q

Satiation

A

reinforcer loses value from overuse

34
Q

Thinning

A

change from continuous to intermittent reinforcement

35
Q

Fixed interval (FI)

A

Reinforce first behavior after fixed time interval
Low response rate except increased at end of interval

36
Q

Variable interval (VI)

A

Reinforce first behavior after variable length of time
Moderate and consistent response rate

37
Q

Fixed ratio (FR)

A

Reinforce after consistent number of responses
Moderate to high response rate, may pause after reinforcement (esp. If high ratio)

38
Q

Variable ratio (VR)

A

Reinforce after unpredictable number of responses
High response rate with few pauses

39
Q

Best reinforcement schedule for Initial acquisition

A

VR (variable ratio), FR (fixed ratio), VI (variable interval), FI (fixed interval)

40
Q

Best reinforcement schedule for resistance to extinction

A

VR (variable ratio), FR (fixed ratio), VI (variable interval), FI (fixed interval)

41
Q

Pattern of responding for fixed reinforcers

A

fixed have pauses after reinforcement

42
Q

Response burst

A

If an individual responds to a particular stimulus and is rewarded for his response, he will continue to react appropriately even after the reward ceases. His behavior will increase in order to bring the reward back, and this, by definition, is the “burst” which is encouraged by the extinction of the reward.

43
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

results from accidental reinforcement or non-contingent reinforcement

44
Q

Discrimination learning (stimulus control)

A

discriminate between situations in which reinforcement will or will not be forthcoming

45
Q

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

A

stimulus that signals reinforcement

46
Q

S delta (SΔ)

A

stimulus that signals reinforcement will not take place

47
Q

Prompting

A

cueing about what behavior to perform

48
Q

Fading

A

gradual reduction in prompting

49
Q

Chaining

A

stringing together different behaviors to accomplish a goal; each behavior minorly reinforced and serves as a cue (discriminative stimulus) to perform next behavior; major reinforcement at end

50
Q

Premack principle

A

high frequency behavior (something person likes to do) used to reinforce low frequency behavior (something person does not like to do)

51
Q

Behavioral contrast

A

when two behaviors that have been equally reinforced have changes in level of reinforcement, behavior being reinforced will increase and one no longer being reinforced with decrease

52
Q

Social learning theory

A

theory of observational learning; observation and modeling

53
Q

Bandura

A

Bobo dolls study; social learning theory

54
Q

Characteristics of most influential models for social learning theory (Bandura)

A

Models of high status, nurturant, same sex

55
Q

Four steps of social learning

A

attention, retention, production, motivation

EPPP (8 decks)

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