Treatment Flashcards
1
Q
- Empirically Supported Treatments
A
- Empirically Supported Treatments
- Therapies that have been shown to be effective through
scientific clinical trials - BT or CBTs
2
Q
Anxiety Disorders
A
- Normal adaptations to a
dangerous world - Emotions experienced in a
maladaptive way - Patients are fully aware of the
irrationality associated with
their behavior - Key: The threat does not merit
the response
3
Q
Phobias
A
- Involve animals that
can be dangerous - Involve situations (e.g.,
heights) that can be
dangerous - Overgeneralization
4
Q
Systematic Desensitization
A
- A CS that elicits one type of response (e.g., fear)
paired with another stimulus that elicits the
opposite response (e.g., relaxation) - Counter-conditioning; Reciprocal inhibition
- Positive response (relaxation) inhibits negative one
(anxiety) - Works well with specific phobias
Procedure
* Relaxation training (deep muscle relaxation;
hypnosis)
* Create of hierarchy of fears
* e.g., start with image of spider 20 meters away
progressively get closer and finally to touching the
spider
* Pair each item in the hierarchy with relaxation
* e.g., start with imagining least fearful situation (15 s)
then engage in relaxation; when fear is extinguished
move to next most fearful situation
* Imaginal or in vivo (visualizing vs actual experience)
5
Q
Flooding
A
- Prolonged exposure to feared stimulus allowing fear to
extinguish (must be about 30-45 min or more) - Because avoidance is prevented fear can extinguish
- Mainly in vivo but also imaginal
- Must be extremely careful due to potential for stress
Procedure
* Snake phobic individual
presents to clinic.
Treatment involves
prolonged, inescapable
exposure to the snake.
The person will initially
show considerable
distress but with time
the distress disappears
when nothing bad
happens in presence of
snake.
6
Q
Hybrid approaches (exposure
therapy)
A
- Most commonly used for treatment of
phobias - Öst (1989) In vivo exposure
- Ps asked to approach spider as close as possible
- Remain until anxiety dissipates by 50%
- Approach again etc.
- Each stage proceeds when fear reduced by 50%
- Of 20 Ps who underwent procedure 19 reported
considerably less fear following 2.1 hours of
treatment - 18 reported complete recovery at 4 year follow up
Participant Modeling - Both client and therapist are participating together
in feared situation - Therapist models approaches to feared stimuli
7
Q
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
A
- Panic attacks
- Require at least 4 of following: (a) heart-rate abnormalities,
(b) sweating; (c) trembling; (d) shortness of breath or feeling
of being smothered; (e) feelings of choking; (f) chest pain or
discomfort; (g) nausea or extreme abdominal discomfort; (h)
dizziness or feeling light-headed or faint; (i) feeling of
unreality; (j) numbness or tingling sensation; (k) chills or hot
flushes; (l) fear of going crazy or losing control; and (m) fear
of dying. - Cognitive Behavioral Treatment
- Behavioral component – exposure (in vivo)
- Cognitive component – changing client’s misconception about
panic attacks
8
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
- Most effective treatments combine cognitive and
behavioral strategies - Exposure an efficient form of behavioral treatment:
- Teach client relaxation techniques
- Client uses start of worrying as signal to relax
- Cognitive techniques can be used to challenge and
change client’s beliefs and thoughts
9
Q
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
A
- Symptoms include:
- Re-experiencing the intense fear that occurred during the
trauma - Exhibiting other intense psychological reactions like:
heightened arousal, depression, difficulty sleeping, lack of
concentration, and impaired daily functioning - Impaired functioning may be due to attempts to avoid
thinking about the trauma and to avoid stimuli that are
reminders of the event. - Prolonged exposure treatment
- Imagination
- Talking about event
- Writing about event
- Combination of cognitive restructuring and exposure
10
Q
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
A
- Persistent thoughts, impulses (obsessions)
- Repetitive behaviors (compulsions)
- Compulsive behaviors performed the alleviate obsessions
- Cleaning & checking = 2 most common forms of OCD
- Obsessions & compulsions – opposite effects on anxiety
- Obsessions increase anxiety
- Compulsions decrease anxiety
- Role of avoidance in OCD similar to phobias
- OCD – active avoidance (e.g., showering to reduce anxiety)
- Phobia – passive avoidance response (e.g., avoid going near dogs)
11
Q
- People with OCD often can’t recall conditioning
event that led to response - Often believe they should be in complete control of
thoughts - Feel personally responsible for improbable events
A
- People with OCD often can’t recall conditioning
event that led to response - Often believe they should be in complete control of
thoughts - Feel personally responsible for improbable events
12
Q
OCD treatment
A
- Compulsions (e.g., hand washing) maintained by
avoidance of anxiety evoking event (e.g., contact with
germs) - Exposure & response prevention (ERP therapy)
- Prevention of avoidance response should extinguish
behavior - ERP – prolonged exposure to anxiety provoking stimulus;
prevention of compulsive behavior - Gradual exposure of systematic desensitization
- Prolonged flooding
- Cognitive Therapy
- Used to change self statements clients makes that help
maintain the obsession - Example:
- Person begins by touching objects associated with
moderate anxiety (e.g., door handles) and
progresses to objects associated with more intense
anxiety (e.g., toilet bowl). Client not permitted to
engage in compulsive acts (e.g., hand washing).
After prolonged session (e.g., 90 mins) anxiety
begins to extinguish.
13
Q
Depression
A
- 2 major theories
- Cognitive theory: results from core beliefs (schemas)
that lead to negative interpretations of life events - Behavioral activation: imbalance of punishment to
positive reinforcement - Most support for
- BT
- CT
- Prob-solving Treatment
13
Q
Depression
A
- 2 major theories
- Cognitive theory: results from core beliefs (schemas)
that lead to negative interpretations of life events - Behavioral activation: imbalance of punishment to
positive reinforcement - Most support for
- BT
- CT
- Prob-solving Treatment
14
Q
Depression treatments
A
- Behavioral interventions:
- Increasing contingency reinforcers in individuals’ lives
- Encourage clients to seek out reinforcers through
hobbies and various social activities - Involve significant others in reinforcement
- Cognitive Interventions – Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
- Negative cognitive schemas lead to negative
interpretation of life events, which lead to depressed
behavior - Cognitive restructuring a key component
- Homework includes behavioral activities
- Behavioral activation – behavioral homework
assignments that are aimed at increasing
contingency reinforcers - ACT also works effectively
