Travel Related Infection Flashcards
What makes travellers more vulnerable to infection?
Temptation to take risks away from home (food, water, animals, sex)
Different epidemiology of some disease
Incomplete understanding of health hazards
Stress of travel
Refugees, deprivation, malnutrition, diseases, injury
What are examples of climate or environment related health problems?
Sunburn, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, fungal infections, bacterial skin infections, cold injury, altitude sickness
What are infections that come with lack of control of sanitation?
Travellers diarrhoea, typhoid, hepatitis A/E, giardiasis, amoebiasis, helminth infections, viral gastroenteritis, food poisoning, shigella dysentry, cholera, cryptosporidosis
What infections are caused by lack of immunisation?
Poliomyelitis or diptheria
What diseases are spread by lack of education?
HIV, STDs
Name some water related infections?
Schistomiasis, leptospirosis, liver flukes, strongyloidiasis, hookworms, guinea worms
What are arthropod-borne infections?
Malaria (mosquito), dengue fever (mosquito), rickettsial infection (ticks,typhus), leishmaniasis (sand flies, Kala-azar), trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly; sleeping sickness), Filariasis (mosquitoes; elephantiasis), onchoceriasis (black flies; River blindness)
What are the 5 species of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum (severe), plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium kowlesi
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Fever, rigors, aching bones, abdominal pains, headache, dysuria, frequency, sore throat, cough
What are the signs for malaria?
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly or mild jaundice
What are complications of malaria?
Cerebral malaria, blackwater fever, pulmonary oedema, jaundice, severe anaemia, algid malaria
How is malaria diagnosed?
Thick and thin blood films, Quantative Buffy Coat, Rapid Antigen Tests
When is malaria deemed complicated?
One or more of:
- Impaired consciousness or seizures
- Hypoglycaemia
- Parasite count >2%
- Haemoglobin <8mg/dL
- Spontaneous bleeding/ DIC
- Haemoglobinuria
- Renal impairment
- pH of <7.3
- Pulmonary oedema or ARDS
- Shock
What are the treatments for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria?
Riamet, euratesim, malarone, quinine
plus oral doxycycline or clindamycin
What are the treatments for complicated or severe P falciparum malaria?
IV artesunate, IV quinine,
plus oral doxycycline or clindamycin
What is the treatment for other types of malaria?
Chloroquinine for 3 days, riamet, primaquine
What causes enteric fever?
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella paratyphi
What are the clinical features of the first week of typhoid fever?
Fever, headache, abdominal discomfort, constipation, dry cough, relative bradycardia, neutrophilia, confusion
What are the clinical features of the second week of typhoid fever?
Fever peaks at 7-10 days rest, rose spots, diarrhoea, tachycardia, neutropenia
What occurs at week 3 of typhoid fevers?
Complications of initial fever
- intestinal bleeding, perforation, peritonism, metastatic infections
What occurs at week 4 of typhoid fever?
Recovery
- 10-15% relapse
How is diagnosis of enteric fever achieved?
blood, bone marrow, urine and stool culture
What is the treatment of typhoid fever?
Oral azithromycin, IV Ceftriaxone
What is the most common arbovirus infection?
Dengue fever
