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Infection > Travel Related Infection > Flashcards

Travel Related Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What makes travellers more vulnerable to infection?

A

Temptation to take risks away from home (food, water, animals, sex)
Different epidemiology of some disease
Incomplete understanding of health hazards
Stress of travel
Refugees, deprivation, malnutrition, diseases, injury

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2
Q

What are examples of climate or environment related health problems?

A

Sunburn, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, fungal infections, bacterial skin infections, cold injury, altitude sickness

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3
Q

What are infections that come with lack of control of sanitation?

A

Travellers diarrhoea, typhoid, hepatitis A/E, giardiasis, amoebiasis, helminth infections, viral gastroenteritis, food poisoning, shigella dysentry, cholera, cryptosporidosis

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4
Q

What infections are caused by lack of immunisation?

A

Poliomyelitis or diptheria

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5
Q

What diseases are spread by lack of education?

A

HIV, STDs

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6
Q

Name some water related infections?

A

Schistomiasis, leptospirosis, liver flukes, strongyloidiasis, hookworms, guinea worms

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7
Q

What are arthropod-borne infections?

A

Malaria (mosquito), dengue fever (mosquito), rickettsial infection (ticks,typhus), leishmaniasis (sand flies, Kala-azar), trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly; sleeping sickness), Filariasis (mosquitoes; elephantiasis), onchoceriasis (black flies; River blindness)

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8
Q

What are the 5 species of malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum (severe), plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium kowlesi

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever, rigors, aching bones, abdominal pains, headache, dysuria, frequency, sore throat, cough

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10
Q

What are the signs for malaria?

A

Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly or mild jaundice

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11
Q

What are complications of malaria?

A

Cerebral malaria, blackwater fever, pulmonary oedema, jaundice, severe anaemia, algid malaria

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12
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Thick and thin blood films, Quantative Buffy Coat, Rapid Antigen Tests

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13
Q

When is malaria deemed complicated?

A

One or more of:

  • Impaired consciousness or seizures
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Parasite count >2%
  • Haemoglobin <8mg/dL
  • Spontaneous bleeding/ DIC
  • Haemoglobinuria
  • Renal impairment
  • pH of <7.3
  • Pulmonary oedema or ARDS
  • Shock
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14
Q

What are the treatments for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria?

A

Riamet, euratesim, malarone, quinine

plus oral doxycycline or clindamycin

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15
Q

What are the treatments for complicated or severe P falciparum malaria?

A

IV artesunate, IV quinine,

plus oral doxycycline or clindamycin

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16
Q

What is the treatment for other types of malaria?

A

Chloroquinine for 3 days, riamet, primaquine

17
Q

What causes enteric fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella paratyphi

18
Q

What are the clinical features of the first week of typhoid fever?

A

Fever, headache, abdominal discomfort, constipation, dry cough, relative bradycardia, neutrophilia, confusion

19
Q

What are the clinical features of the second week of typhoid fever?

A

Fever peaks at 7-10 days rest, rose spots, diarrhoea, tachycardia, neutropenia

20
Q

What occurs at week 3 of typhoid fevers?

A

Complications of initial fever

- intestinal bleeding, perforation, peritonism, metastatic infections

21
Q

What occurs at week 4 of typhoid fever?

A

Recovery

- 10-15% relapse

22
Q

How is diagnosis of enteric fever achieved?

A

blood, bone marrow, urine and stool culture

23
Q

What is the treatment of typhoid fever?

A

Oral azithromycin, IV Ceftriaxone

24
Q

What is the most common arbovirus infection?

A

Dengue fever

25
Q

What is the presentation of dengue fever?

A

Sudden fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, severe myalgia, severe arthralgia, macular/maculopapular rash, haemorrhagic signs

26
Q

How is dengue fever diagnosed?

A

Thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, elevated transaminases, positive tourniquet test

PCR, Serology

27
Q

What are stages of schistomiasis?

A

Swimmers itch (first few hours)
Invasive stage - cough, abdo discomfort, splenomegaly, eosinophilia (AFTER 24 HOURS)
Katayama Fever - Prostrate (Extreme weakness), fever, urticaria, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, diarrhoea, eosinophilia (AFTER 15-20 DAYS)
Acute disease - dysentery and haematuria(6-8 weeks)

28
Q

How is schistomiasis diagnosed?

A

Clinical diagnosis, antibody tests, ova in stools and urine, rectal snip

29
Q

What is the treatment for schistomiasis?

A

Praziquantel - 20mg/kg. two doses 6 hours apart

prednisolone if severe

30
Q

What is rickettsiosis?

A

Tick typhys

Clinical features include abrupt onset swinging fever, headache, confusion, endovasculitis, rash, bleeding

Tetracycline is treatment

Infection (12 decks)

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