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Infection > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is benzylpenicillin and penicillin V used for? (PENICILLIN CLASS)

A

Streptococci, Nisseria, Spirochetes Used for soft tissue, pneumococcal, meningococcal, gonorrhoea, syphilis infection

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2
Q

What is amoxicillin used for?(PENICILLIN CLASS)

A

Broad spectrum but resistance is common UTI, RTI

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3
Q

What is flucloxaxilin used for?(PENICILLIN CLASS)

A

Staphylococci Used for S. aureus infections

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4
Q

What is co-amoxiclav used for?(PENICILLIN CLASS)

A

Broad spectrum including anaerobes UTI, RTI, Soft tissue infections, surgical wound infections

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5
Q

What is a complication of using Co-amoxiclav?(PENICILLIN CLASS)

A

Clostridium Difficile

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6
Q

What is piperacillin/tazobactam used for?(PENICILLIN CLASS)

A

Broad spectrum includes pseudomonas and anaerobes Neutropenic sepsis

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7
Q

What is cefradine used for ? (Cephalosporins)

A

Broad spectrum. Resistance high. 1st line agent

UTI, Soft tissue infections

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8
Q

What is cefuroxime used for? (CEPHALOSPORIN)

A

Broad spectrum,

UTI, RTI, Surgical Prophylaxis

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9
Q

What is ceftriaxone or cefotaxime used for? (CEPHALOSPORIN)

A

Broad spectrum, especially good against GramNegative Bacilli. 2nd Line option.

Used for hospital infections such as bacteraemia, pneumonia, abdominal sepsis

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10
Q

What are the risks of using ceftriaxone or cefotaxime?

A

Risk factor for MRSA, C Dif, VRE. Can only be used IV/IM

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11
Q

What is ceftazidime used for? (CEPHALOSPORIN)

A

Broad spectrum. Good against Gram Negative bacilli. Also active against psudomonas

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12
Q

What are risk factors for ceftazidime?

A

MRSA, C.Dif, VRE.

IV only

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13
Q

What are ceftaroline or ceftobipirole used for? (CEPHALOSPORIN)

A

4th line agent used for broad spectrum. Anti MRSA.

Licensed skin and soft tissue infection. Endocarditis. Used if resistant to other treatment

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14
Q

What is gentamicin used for? (AMINOGLYCOSIDE)

A

Gram negative bacilli

Serious gram negative infections such as bacteraemia, endocarditis, neutropenic sepsis

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15
Q

What are the risks for using gentamicin? (AMINOGLYCOSIDE)

A

Renal and ototoxicity, disturbance of vestibular system

IV or IM only

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16
Q

What is clarithromycin or erythromycin used for? (MACROLIDE)

A

Streptococci, staphylococci, mycoplasma, chlamydia or legionella.

Used in resp infection, soft tissue infection (if penicillin allergic), STD

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17
Q

What is azithromycin used for? (MACROLIDE)

A

Gram negative organisms such as haemophilus or chalmydia

Mainly used in chlamydia

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18
Q

What is ciprofloxacin used for? (Quiolones)

A

Gram negative bacilli including pseudomonas. Activity against staph and strep.

Complicated UTI, Complicated hospital acquired pneumonia, some GI infections

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19
Q

What are the risks associated with ciprofloxacin use?

A

C Diff.
May affect growing cartilage
Can cause tendinitis or an aortic aneurysm rupture

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20
Q

What is levofloxacin or moxifloxacin used for?

A

Enhanced activity against staph/strep. Active against pneumococcus, mycoplasma, chlamydia or legionella

2nd or 3rd line against pneumonia

21
Q

What is vancomycin or teicoplain used for? (GLYCOPEPTIDE)

A

Gram POSITIVE organisms only

Used against C Dif, MRSA, Those with penicillin allergies

22
Q

What is trimethoprim used for?

A

Gram negative bacilli

UTI, RTI, MRSA

23
Q

What is co-trimoxazole used for?

A

Broad spectrum. Pneumocystis Jiroveci (fungus which causes pneumonia)

RTI, PCP

24
Q

What is a side effect of co-trimoxazole?

A

Rashes

25
Q

What is clindamycin used for?

A

Streptococci, staphylococci anaerobes

Soft tissue infection and gangrene

26
Q

What is tetracycline or doxycycline used for?

A

Streptococci, staphylococci, chlamydia, rickettsiae, brucella

Q Fever, brucellosis, chlamydia,atypical pneumonia, MRSA

27
Q

What is rifampicin used for?

A

Mycobacteria, meningococcus, staphylococci

Used to treat TB, MRSA, Meningococcal prophylaxis, complicated staph infections.NEVER USE ON ITS OWN

28
Q

What is ,meropenem used for?

A

Broad spectrum including anaerobes. Pseudomonas. Last resort

Used for gram negative infections and neutropenic patients

29
Q

What is metrondiazole used for?

A

Anaerobes or protozoa e.g giarida

Surgical infections, giardiasis, ameobiasis, trichomonal infections

30
Q

What is linezolid used for?

A

Gram positive bacteria only. Second line agent for MRSA, MSSA, VRE

31
Q

What are the risks for Linezolid?

A

Bone marrow dysplasia and optic neuropathy

32
Q

What is daptomycin used for?

A

Gram positive bacteria only

2nd line for MRSA, VRE, MSSA

33
Q

What is tigecycline used for?

A

Very broad spectrum including MRSA, ESBL and anaerobes

3rd line treatment including intra-abdominal sepsis, soft tissue infections

34
Q

What is tigecycline ineffective against?

A

Pseudomonas

35
Q

What is empiric therapy?

A

Treatment without microbiology results

36
Q

What is directed therapy?

A

Treatment based on microbiology results

37
Q

What is primary prophylaxis?

A

Anti-malarial, immunosuppresed patients, pre-operative surgery, post exposure to HIV or meningitis

38
Q

What is secondary prophylaxis?

A

Prevention of a second episode

39
Q

What are the methods of diagnosing a patient?

A

Diagnosis of infection using clinical, laboratory results. Include a severity assessment

40
Q

What patient characteristics should be take into consideration ?

A

Age, renal function, liver function, immunocompromised, pregnancy, known allergies

41
Q

What antimicrobial selections can be taken into consideration when prescribing antibiotics?

A

Guideline or individualised therapy, what is the likely organism, empirical or result based therapy, bactericidal or bacteriostatic drug, single agent or combination, any adverse effects

42
Q

What are the four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A

Enzymatic inactivation of drug
Modified targets for drugs
Reduced permeability to drug
Efflux of drug

43
Q

What is chromosomally mediated resistance?

A

Mutation in gene coding for drug target or membrane transport system.

BASIS FOR MULTI DRUG THERAPY

44
Q

What are the steps in binary fission?

A

DNA replicates, cell elongates, cell divides in two and produces 2 identical bacteria

45
Q

What is plasmid mediated resistance?

A

Plasmids are extra-chromosomal strands of DNA. They replicate independent of cell chromosomes and carry enzymes which degrade antibiotics/modify membrane transport systems. May carry 1 or more resistance gene

46
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Resistant to flucloxacillin

Can cause invasive infections such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis

47
Q

What is VRE?

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococci

Can cause invasive disease such as endocarditis esp. in patients with prosthetic devices

48
Q

What is ESBL?

A

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase

Resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, often cephalopsorins

49
Q

What is CPE?

A

Carbapenem producing enterobacteriacae

Multiply resistant bacteria and only sensitive to a few antibiotics of last resort

Infection (12 decks)

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