Traumatic brain injury Flashcards
What are three main effects of head injuries?
-Behavioural
-Cognitive impairment
-Motor and sensory changes
What behavioural changes occur with Traumatic brain injuries?
anxiety, depression and impulsivity.
What cognitive impairments can occur due to traumatic brain injuries?
memory problems, attention problems, loss of sight
what motor and sensitivty problems can occur due to traumatic brain injury?
loss of co-ordination, muscle rigidity, epilepsy, difficulty speaking,fatigue and sexual problems.
what is the glasgow coma scale?
Traumatic brain injury diagnosis, monitors changes on consciouness, motor repsonse and eye opeing.
what are the categories of the glasgow coma scale?
1 is no response and 4-6 is normal.
<8 severe injury
9-12 moderate head injury
>12 mild head injury
what are the three types of head injury?
Open/penetrating, closed and crush.
what is an open/penetraitng head injury?
when an object goes through the skull adn enters the brain.
what is a closed head injury?
trauma causing the head to shale violently in the skull with no visible wound.
what is a crush head injury?
whe the head is sandwiched between two objects.
what is a coup injury in respect to brain injuries?
a primary head injury when the head stops suddenly and brain rushes. inccurs an impact injury at site of skull contact
what is a contrecoup injury in respect to brain injuries?
secondary injury of the brain when it bouncesoff primary surface and impacts subsequently on the other side.
What kinda of injuries inccur during whiplash TBI?
hyper-extension and hyperflexion
what is hyperextension head injury?
Sudden backwards acceleration of skull once skull stops mvoing the frontal lobe strikes the front of the skull. (coup)
what is hyperflexion head injury?
head recoils fowards and stops causing the occipital lobe to strike the front of the skull. (contrecoup)
Name 5 primary injuries during TBI?
-skull fracture
-contusions
-haemorrhage
-haematoma
-diffused axonal injury
-concussion
Name 5 secondary injuries that can occur during TBI?
-brain swelling
-increased intracranial pressure
-intracranial haemorrhage
-epilepsy
-Hypoxies
all lead to atrophy of the brain tissue and wider symptoms.`
how do you work out cerebral perfusion pressure?
Cerebral prefusion presure= mean aterial pressure- intracranial pressure.
what is the monroe kellie doctrine?
intracranial volume= brain volume+ blood volume+ cerebrospinal fluid volume.
what are the intrcranial components?
Brain,blood and cerebro spinal fluid.
what are the intrcranial components?
Brain,blood and cerebro spinal fluid.
What treatments are there for traumatic brain injuries?
-medically induced coma
-brain diuretic
-palcemetn of a shunt to release pressure
-cranieoctomy (partial skull removal)
name two types of secondary brain injuries?
-neurochemical injury
-neuro-inflammation
What are neurochemical injuries?
-excessive production of free radicals
-excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters
-alterations in glucose metabolism
-decreased cerebral inflammation.
what are examples of late/delayed brain injuries?
-white matter degeneration
-post-traumatic hydrocephalus
-post traumatic seizures
what are neuroinflammatory injuries?
-activation of microglia, astrocyte and neurons
-activation and recruitment of macrophages
-Microglia secrete proinflamatory modulators to degrade BBB release cytokines
what is diffusal axonal injury (DAI)?
BAPP produced by neurons in response to injury, accumulates at points of damage froms swellings many axons ahve multiple swellings.
what is chronic traumatic Encephalopathy?
CTE is a progressiev and degenerating disorder that has been linked to repeated head injuries and repeated concussions.
What are the symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
Memory loss, confusion, impaired judgement, aggression, depression and parkinsons.
