traumatic brain injury Flashcards
can a concussion be considered a tbi
yes its a mild tbi
what is a tbi
physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or permanently impairs brain function
what is tbi caused by
external mechanical forces
what kind of forces can cause tbi and what pourcentages for each
- penetrating head injury (25% of tbi): direct blow to the head by blunt or penetrating object
- Closed head injury (75% of tbi): indirect forces such as inertia during a motor vehicle accident, where rapid mvt of the head causes back and forth mvt of the brain inside the skull (the injury comes from the brain rattling in the skull)
tbi are classified based on what
severity (mild, moderate, severe) and the MOI (closed or penetrating head injury)
depending on severity of the injury, tbi can affect numerous aspects such as (5)
physical capability (paralysis is possible), cognitive ability (concentration, memory, etc), emotional state (mood swings), social interactions (personality can change drastically) and behaviour
after tbi, there is an increased risk of what diseases (3)
increased risk of epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
can the side of the lesion predict the type of impairments and disabilities following tbi
yes, speech is on the left side
Penetrating head injury definition
injury where brain tissue is damaged by an object such as a knife, a bullet, or bone fragments that has pierced the skull and dura mater
closed head injury definition
injury in which the skull and dura mater are not breached
Tbi damage can also be described as ___ and ___
- focal: injury confined to a specific area of the brain causing localized damage
- diffuse: injury is characterized by damage throughout the brain
causes of tbi
hematoma
hemorrhage
diffuse axonal injury
contusions
hematoma definition
Collection of blood outside of blood vessels. Bleeding can occur outside the brain (subdural) or within the brain tissue itself (intracerebral)
hemorrhage definiton
Bleeding directly into brain tissue
diffuse axonal injury definition
results from a tearing of nerve bundles and/or stretching of blood vessels (extreme shearing forces)
contusions definition
bruises that cause swelling and bleeding resulting in tissue damage
what happens during a TBI
- n. fibers within specific areas of the brain are severed
- n. fibers are stretched which results in inefficient and slowed functioning
diff btw coup and contre-coup
coup: brain injury at the point of impact (primary impact)
contre-coup: brain injury is opposite to the point of impact (secondary impact)
what are the 2 different types of coup-contre coup
head makes contact with the object
object makes contact with the head
what can an injury to the occipital lobe may lead to what
loss of vision
Hemineglect syndrome (R parietal lobe damage) what does it do
L side of world doesn’t exist for that person
A neglect patient may ignore people who approach from the left, leave food untouched on the left side of the plate, or even forget to put clothes on the left side of his body. If the symptoms extend to visual tasks, and the patient is asked to draw a picture, for example, everything on the left side of the drawing is ignored.
Degrees of severity
- confusion
- coma
- cerebral death
confusion definition
- confusion (a clouding of consciousness):
- thinking process is decreased
- inattention, disorientation
- speech is affected
coma definition
Coma(cannot be aroused by strong sensory stimuli):
- can affect IQ
- decreased metabolic activity of the brain (not like sleep)
- lead to amnesia
cerebral death definition
Cerebral death(the body is alive but not the brain): -the brain is no longer able to regulate body function
types of tbi symptoms
medical physical senses thoughts and communication behaviour and personality
tbi symptoms medical (5)
headaches, risk of seizures, changes in appetite, fatigue-both mental and physical
tbi symptoms physical (4)
balance issue, lack of coordination, muscle weakness or paralysis, muscle rigidity/spasticity
tbi symptoms senses (5)
over-sensitivity, vision problems, sensitivity to noise, changes to sense of smell and taste, single-sided neglect
tbi symptoms thoughts and communication (2)
can affect organization of thoughts or ability to find words and communicate clearly
tbi symptoms behaviour and personality (8)
irritability or mood swings, depression, anxiety, agitation, impaired judgment, lack of insight or awareness of problems, trouble sleeping
what is the difference btw effects of tbi and stroke on body functions
brain damage after tbi is more widespread than stroke
can you exercise after a tbi
yes
can the recovery process occur for more than 2 years post tbi
yes
is there a relation btw length of coma and level of motor severity?
yes
recovery of motor function following tbi
1- recovery process more than 2 years
2. the longer the coma=the greater the motor severity
