Hypertension Flashcards
What other name is given to hypertension
silent killer
what is hypertension
a cardiovascular problem in which the blood exerts a greater than normal force against the inner walls of the blood vessels
what can be a cause of hypertension (general)
increase in blood volume and a vasoconstriction of the blood vessels
what is a synonym of hypertension
high blood pressure
what can hypertension cause and why
it can cause damage to the heart, brain, kidnys and eyes because of circulatory problems due to blood vessel damage
which two conditions consists a major risk for death
stroke and heart attack
what are the 2 mechanical causes of hypertension
increase in stroke volume
increase in peripheral resistance
explain the increase in peripheral resistance
decrease of the vasodilation of the blood vessels
arterial walls become thickened, inelastic and resistant to blood flow
t/f you have to have the 2 mechanical causes to increase the bp
false, one is good enough
what is the incidence of hypertension in canada
20-25% have it
how many people don’t know they have hypertension
1/3
t/f mild and moderate hypertension present symptoms
false
what are the symptoms of severe hypertension
blurred vision
severe headaches
confusion
at what rank is hypertension for the risk factor for death in high-income countries (Canada)
2nd
what is the value for an optimal bp
120/80 mmhg
the systolic pressure represents
contraction phase
the diastolic pressure represents
relaxation phase
what facteors cause bp to rise temporarily
stress
smoking
exercise
caffeine
why does systolic and diastolic bp rise in winter and drops in summer
bc the blood vessels constrict in the cold causing the heart to work harder to push the blood through the veins and arteries
bc you gain weight and do less exercise in winter
what is the primary cause of hypertension
no specific medical cause can be found (90%)
it is believed to be 50% genetics 50% environment
what are the secondary causes of hypertension (8)
pregnancy (rise in blood volume) coarticatication of the aorta (narrowing of the aorta) obesity smoking physical inactivity high fat diet and high salt intake large amounts of alcohol large stresses
what makes hypertension worst
increase in peripheral resistance (secondary factors)
what is the path/interraction between hypertension and atherosclerosis
high bp arteries :walls swell & stretch endothelial injury attraction of ldl cholesterol and WBC formation of plaque atherosclerosis major risk for death by stroke and heart attack
name some risk factors for high bp in children
obesity
poor nutrition habit
family history
what are the values of bp where hypertension begins
sys 140
dias 90
what category should be selected if one of the values of bp fall between 2 categories
the higher one to prevent
what is needed more in the stages 3&4 of high bp than in the stages 1 & 2
medication
what is the normal bp response to aerobic exercise
systolic: increase of 30-60 mmhg
diastolic: no changes
in order, what are the activities that cause an increase in systolic bp
rest
aerobic exercise
2-arm heavy curl
2-leg press, heavy load
what are the effects at rest of hypertensive participants doing aerobic training
drop in systolic bp of 5-7mmgh and in diastolic bp of 3-5 mmgh
what are the effects on bp at rest of hypertensive individuals participating in dynamic resistance training
drop in bp by 2-3 mmgh in both systolic and diastolic bp
what are the effects on bp at rest on hepertensive individuals participating in isometric resistance training
potential for the largest decrease in diastolic and systolic bp but increased risk of medical complications
what ahppens to the bp if it is lowered of 2 mmhg
it lowers stroke risks by 14% and 17% and the risk of coronary artery disease by 9% and 6%
what are the effects of moderate weight reduction on resting and exercise bp in overweight subjects
at rest: decrease in systolic bp
during exercise: decrease in sbp and dsp (stronger effect on sbp)
what are the recommendations for exercise programming for hypertension
medication first for stages 3 and 4
endurance training
lower intensity 40-70% is very good too
when is exercise contraindicated with hypertension
when resting bp exceeds 200/115 mmhg
during exercise 225/90 mmhg (high risk)
t/f high intensity isometric exercise and heavy strength training activities involving a valsalva effect are contraindicated
true
what happens with medication during exercise
decrease in peripheral resistance by vasodilation and can produce post-exercise hypotension (dizziness, feeling faint)
what is the main goal when managing hypertension
to control bp by the least intrusive means possible. bp should be lowered and maintained below 140/90 mmhg (stage 1)
what are the best ways to control hypertension
medication healthy diet exercise management of emotional stress weight control
healthy diet include what
focusing on fruits, vegetebles and low-fat dairy products, and especially lower the salt in diet
how does diuretics pills work
by flushing excess water and sodium from the body thus lowering bp, which may be enough along with lifestyle changes to control your bp (stage 1)
how do beta blockers work
by blocking certain nerves and hormonal signals to the heart and blood vessels, thus lowering bp
how do calcium channel blockers work
prevent calcium form going into the heart and blood vessels muscle cells, thus causing the cells to relax, which lowers bp
