trauma/tissue integrity Flashcards

1
Q

VO2 max

A

how much oxygenation someone is capable of
- exercise capability also depends on this

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2
Q

neuro involvement in activity and fatigue

A
  • CNS and hypothalamus
  • brainstem adjusts vital signs
  • adrenal gland hormone secretion of fight or flight hormones to increase oxygen delivery
  • vasodilatory factors stimulated
  • increase in cardiac output
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3
Q

low O2 will cause

A

bronchodilation

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4
Q

cardiac output for skeletal muscles at rest

A

20% of cardiac output

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5
Q

cardiac output for skeletal muscles during activity

A

95% of cardiac output

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6
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

when demand exceeds supply and there is no more ATP production

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7
Q

fatigue

A

activity intolerance due to exhausted reserves

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8
Q

physiologic cause of fatigue

A

inadequate ATP to generate muscle activity

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9
Q

psychologic

A

inadequate CNS ability to generate activity

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10
Q

chronic fatigue

A

unclear onset and cause, rest does not lead to recovery, ADL’s are interfered with

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11
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis, systemic exertion intolerance disease)

A

unclear onset with long duration and a non specific symptomatology

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12
Q

S&S of chronic fatigue syndrome

A
  • chronic fatigue> 6 months with effect on ADL
  • post exercise malaise
  • unrefreshing sleep
  • cognitive or orthostatic effects
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13
Q

acute injury

A

sudden force
- fractures
- contusions
- articulation injuries

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14
Q

chronic injury

A

overuse
-stress fractures
- strains and sprains with no time to heal

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15
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

70% of body mass
- bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscle

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16
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone; attach ends together

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17
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone; attach muscle to bone periosteum

18
Q

sprain

A

ligament injury; mechanical overload of a joint
- pain, inflammation, decreased function, contusion
- inversion of ankle, knee, elbow, wrist

19
Q

meniscus

A

C-shaped fibre cartilage between tibia and femur

20
Q

strain

A

tendon/muscle injury; excessive stretch or contraction
- pain, inflammation, increased pain with aggravating activity
- lower back muscles, C spine, elbow and shoulder

21
Q

common pediatric fractures

A

clavicle and femur

22
Q

common adult fractures

A

clavicle, femur, radius, head

23
Q

common elderly fractures

A

hip, spinal disk

24
Q

fracture S&S

A

pain, possible shock, inflammation, hematoma, deformity, loss of function, injury to surrounding area

25
unstable fractures
oblique, spiral, comminuted
26
type 1 epiphyseal fracture
through growth plate
27
type 2 epiphyseal fracture
most commonly seen in the ER; through growth plate and metaphysis
28
type 3 epiphyseal fracture
affects growth; through growth plate and epiphysis
29
type 4 epiphyseal fracture
affects growth; through all 3 segments (growth plate, metaphysis, epiphysis)
30
type 5 epiphyseal fracture
affects growth; crush injury of growth plate - the worst of all of them
31
epiphysis
where ossification and calcification take place - weakest part of bone - 15% of fractures in children
32
external traction
method of pulling closed fracture into place - manual = pulling - skeletal= pins and wires
33
external fixation
stabilization long term
34
surgical reduction and internal fixation
used in open fractures
35
haematoma stage of healing (stage 1)
immediate stage; coagulation cascade activated, inflammatory cells and mediators released
36
inflammation stage of healing (stage 2)
recruitment and activation of osteoprogenitor cells and clearance of necrotic tissue
37
callus formation (stage 3)
differentiation of MSC's, 4 week stage, initial stabilization replaced by calcified tissue
38
granulation tissue (stage 4)
active proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells - angiogenesis - 6 week stage
39
quick healing
bones, synovial joints - due to good blood and nerve supply
40
slow healing
meniscus, tendons, ligaments
41
stress fracture healing time
4 weeks
42
long bone healing time
up to 6 months