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Nurs 216B > all pharmacology > Flashcards

all pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

apixaban

A

anticoagulant
- TIA treatment

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2
Q

dabigatran

A

anticoagulant
- TIA treatment

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3
Q

ASA

A

antiplatelet; NSAID
- TIA treatment, pain management

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4
Q

ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftaroline

A

3rd gen cephalosporins

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5
Q

narrow spectrum penicillin

A

pen V and G

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6
Q

temozolomide

A

type of chemotherapy “alkylating agent” used in cancer treatment

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7
Q

clonazepam (rivotril), Diazepam (Valium), Lorazepam (Ativan), Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)

A

benzodiazepines
- short term treat seizures

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8
Q

benzodiazepines MOA + important side effects

A

potentiate GABA to depress CNS
- addictive, amnesia
- dilated pupils

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9
Q

commonly abused benzodiazepines

A

alprazolam (xanax), flunitrazepam (rohypnol)

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10
Q

flumazenil (romazicon)

A

benzodiazepine overdose treatment

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11
Q

phenobarbital (phenobarb), secobarbital

A

barbiturates
- short term seizure treatment

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12
Q

barbiturates MOA + important side effects

A

potentiate effects of GABA to depress CNS
- addictive, narrow TI

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13
Q

activated charcoal + sodium bicarbonate

A

overdose treatment of barbiturates and acetaminophen

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14
Q

phenytoin (dilantin), carbamazepine (tegretol), valproic acid (valproate)

A

anticonvulsant
- long term seizure treatment

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15
Q

anticonvulsant MOA + important side effects

A

delay action potential and decrease neuron activity through decrease in sodium
- vitamin K interference, arrhythmias

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16
Q

secobarbital

A

barbiturate used in assisted suicide

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17
Q

diazepam

A

benzodiazepine used in assisted suicide

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18
Q

rivastigmine, galantamine

A

cholinesterase inhibitors
- manage alzheimers

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19
Q

cholinesterase inhibitors MOA

A

decrease Ach breakdown

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20
Q

levodopa, rotigotine (neupro)

A

dopamine agonists
- treat parkinson’s

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21
Q

melatonin

A

synthesized from typrtophan found in the epithalamus with a negative feedback system

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22
Q

sonata, ambien, lunesta

A

non-benzodiazepines
- treat insomnia

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23
Q

non-benzodiazepines

A

bind/enhance GABA

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24
Q

pupils on opiates

A

constricted

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25
Q

pupils on stimulants

A

dilated

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26
Q

sumatriptan, zolmitriptan

A

serotonin agonists
- treat migraines

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27
Q

antipsychotic MOA + important side effects

A

target limbic system
- parkinsonism, restless, tremors,

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28
Q

typical antipsychotic medications

A

efficacious for ‘positive; schizophrenic symptoms

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29
Q

chlorprozamine

A

phenothiazine; typical antipsychotic
- treat schizophrenia

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30
Q

haloperidol (haldol)

A

non-phenothiazine; typical antipsychotic
- treat schizophrenia

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31
Q

atypical antipsychotic medications

A

efficacious for ‘negative’ schizophrenic symptoms

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32
Q

olanzapine (zyprexa), quetiapine (seroquel), clozapine (clozaril), risperidone (risperdal)

A

atypical antipsychotic drugs
- treat schizophrenia

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33
Q

fluvoxetine (prozac), sertraline (zoloft), paroxetine (paxil)

A

SSRI’s; increase serotonin
- used to treat depression

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34
Q

mirtazapine (remeron), bupropion (wellbutrin)

A

SNRI; atypical antidepressant; increase serotonin and norepi
- used to treat depression

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35
Q

imipramine (impril)

A

tricyclic antidepressant; increase serotonin, norepi, and dopamine
- treats depression

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36
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

inhibit monoamine oxidase enzyme to increase neurotransmitter presence of serotonin, norepi, dopamine

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37
Q

glutamate, serotonin, opioids are all receptors for which drug?

A

ketamine

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38
Q

lithium

A

increases serotonin
- used for suicide risk reduction

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39
Q

local anesthetics MOA

A

sodium is blocked so no communication; lipophilic so easily absorbed and distributed
- very quick onset

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40
Q

prilocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine

A

local anesthetics; sodium channel blockers

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41
Q

epinephrine as an adjunct to anesthetics

A

causes vasoconstriction which controls any bleeding to increase duration of action

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42
Q

epidural

A

location ensured by mo CSF return; in epidural space which can be in cervical, thoracic, or lumbar

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43
Q

spinal anesthetic

A

directly in CSF; always below L2; ensure needle position with CSF drawback

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44
Q

inhaled general anesthetics MOA

A

decrease action potentials and increase GABA

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45
Q

nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane

A

inhaled general anesthetics

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46
Q

propofol

A

intravenous anesthetics; barbiturate-like drug

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47
Q

paralytic MOA

A

block Ach binding nicotinic receptors; no BBB just PNS
- rapid onset

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48
Q

vecuronium, rocuronium, pancuronium, succinylcholine

A

paralytics

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49
Q

ketamine + midazolam (benzodiazepine) use

A

MAC: conscious sedation

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50
Q

opioids, ketamine, PCP, mushrooms, DMT, benzodiazepines

A

downers

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51
Q

cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine

A

mixed

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52
Q

CNS stimulants, psychoactive stimulants

A

uppers

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53
Q

desired effect of downers abuse

A

relaxation (euphoria)

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54
Q

increase in dopamine, inhibit substance P, decrease glutamate, are all effects of?

A

downers

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55
Q

hallucinogenic that is low potency and low addiction

A

mushrooms

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56
Q

how vaping works/negative effects

A

when aerosols are generated from heated formaldehyde, glycidol, and acetol it becomes more toxic

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57
Q

high CBD

A

antagonize adrenergic NS having a calming effect

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58
Q

high THC

A

modulate adrenergic NS causing excitement

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59
Q

CB1 and CB2 receptors

A

modulate serotonin, increase anandamide (memory loss), stimulate dopamine release

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60
Q

effects of nicotine

A

affects cholinomimetic and adrenergic receptors with the effects of vasoconstriction, decreased GI motility, and alertness

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61
Q

increases ach, stimulates dopamine, increases GABA, decreases glutamate

A

effects of alcohol

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62
Q

desired effect of uppers abuse

A

excitation, hallucination, altered reality

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63
Q

immune globulins

A

antibodies that provide an immediate short term immunity boost

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64
Q

cytokines: interferons, interleukins

A

immune mediators that stimulate the immune system

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65
Q

immunizations

A

triggers synthesis of B cell antibodies

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66
Q

direct acting vasodilators

A

treat malignant hypertension
- stimulates nitric oxide production to relax blood vessels

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67
Q

Nipride (nitroprusside), Hydralazine

A

direct acting vasodilators

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68
Q

purpose of diuretics

A

decrease blood volume

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69
Q

purpose of ACE inhibitors

A

vasodilation and decrease blood volume
- first line in HF treatment

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70
Q

purpose of ARB’s

A

vasodilate and decrease blood volume
- take longer to work

71
Q

loop diuretics

A

loop of henle
- blocks electrolyte re-absorption to push them out more
- hypokalemia

72
Q

furosemide (lasix)

A

loop diuretic; antihypertensive

73
Q

thiazide diuretics

A

distal convoluted tubule
- decrease electrolyte reabsorption and push them out
- hypokalemia

74
Q

hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metolazone

A

thiazide diuretics

75
Q

potassium sparing diuretics

A

collecting distal tubule
- antagonizes aldosterone to push Na out and retain K
- hyperkalemia

76
Q

spironolactone (aldactone)

A

potassium sparing diuretic

77
Q

aldactazide

A

thiazide and potassium sparing diuretic

78
Q

osmotic diuretics

A

pulls water into circulation and renal tubules
- inhibit renin release
- used for cerebral edema

79
Q

mannitol, isosorbide

A

osmotic diuretics

80
Q

enalapril, captopril, monopril, ramipril

A

ACE inhibitors

81
Q

losartan (cozaar), Ibesartan (avapro)

A

ARB’s

82
Q

hyzaar, cosart

A

thiazide diuretic and ARB

83
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

block calcium to cause muscle relaxation

84
Q

nifedipine (adalat), amlodipine (norvasc)

A

smooth muscle selective calcium channel blockers

85
Q

verapamil (isoptin), diltiazem (cardizem)

A

cardiac muscle selective calcium channel blockers

86
Q

alpha 1 antagonists

A

vasodilate, constrict pupils, urinary incontinence

87
Q

alpha 2 antagonists

A

vasodilate, diarrhea, urinary incontinence

88
Q

prazosin

A

alpha 1 antagonist/blocker

89
Q

phentolamine

A

alpha 1&2 antagonist/blocker

90
Q

beta 1 antagonists

A

decrease heart contractility and HR

91
Q

beta 2 antagonists

A

vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, decreased glycogen breakdown

92
Q

atenolol

A

beta 1 specific blocker

93
Q

propranolol, metoprolol

A

beta 1&2 blocker

94
Q

lopressor HCT

A

thiazide and adrenergic antagonist

95
Q

alpha 2 agonists

A

treat hypertension, inhibit norepinephrine and decrease sympathetic tone

96
Q

clonidine, methyldopa

A

alpha 2 adrenergic agonists

97
Q

organic nitrates

A

exogenous nitric oxide
- vasodilates in heart

98
Q

nitroglycerin

A

organic nitrate
- 1st line acute coronary flow obstruction

99
Q

statins

A

lower LDL through decreased synthesis
- treat ACS, CAD

100
Q

lovastatin (mevacor), atorvastatin (lipitor), simvastatin (zocor)

A

Statins (lower LDL)

101
Q

niacin

A

increases HDL (good cholesterol)
- low efficacy so its good for synergy

102
Q

fibrates

A

decrease VLDL
- low efficacy so its good for synergy

103
Q

antioxidants

A

reduce reactive molecules through formation of water molecules

104
Q

ASA, dipyridamole, aggrenox

A

antiplatelet
- block thromboxane A2 degranulation

105
Q

clopidogrel (plavix)

A

antiplatelet
- block ADP in degranulation

106
Q

abciximab (reporo), integrilin, aggrastat

A

antiplatelets
- protein IIb/IIIa inhibitor to decrease fibrin adhesion

107
Q

heparin, enoxaparin (lovenox), dalteparin (fragmin), apixaban

A

anticoagulants
- inhibit factor Xa resulting in no thrombin production
- treat PE, DVT

108
Q

dabigatran (pradaxa)

A

anticoagulant
- block thrombin receptors

109
Q

warfarin (coumadin)

A

anticoagulant
- inhibit synthesis of clotting factors (2,7,9,10)

110
Q

PT/INR

A

monitor for warfarin

111
Q

PTT

A

monitor for heparin

112
Q

anti factor Xa

A

monitor for LMWH

113
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve fibrin clot through tPA conversion to plasmin

114
Q

alteplase;reteplase (tPA)

A

thrombolytics

115
Q

protamine sulfate

A

reverses effects of heparin

116
Q

praxbind

A

reverses effects of dabigatran

117
Q

vitamin K

A

reverses effects of warfarin

118
Q

desmopressin

A

synthetic ADH to stimulate vWF secretion
- treats vWF disease, diabetes insipidus

119
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

block Na and increase Ca to increase contractility
-treat HF

120
Q

digoxin (lanoxin), digitoxin

A

cardiac glycosides

121
Q

digibind

A

toxicity/overdose antidote

122
Q

phosphodiasterase inhibitors

A

block phosphodiesterase to increase contractility of heart and cause vasodilation
- treat acute HF

123
Q

milrinone, amrinone, viagra

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

124
Q

dobutamine (B1 specific) , dopamine HCL

A

adrenergic agonists that treat acute HF

125
Q

4 primary medications used in acute HF

A

lasix, nipride, nitroglycerin, dobutamine

126
Q

instead of lasix for acute HF, this is used instead in chronic HF

A

combination diuretics

127
Q

instead of B1 agonists for acute HF, use this instead for chronic HF

A

cardiac glycosides

128
Q

instead of direct acting vasodilators for acute HF, use this instead for chronic HF

A

ACE/ARB’s

129
Q

levothyroxine (synthroid), liothyronine (cytomel)

A

synthetic hormone that treats hypothyroidism

130
Q

rapid acting insulin

A

used for meal time bolus and patient needs to eat immediately after

131
Q

humalog (lispro), novorapid (aspart), apidra (glulisine), fiasp

A

rapid acting insulin

132
Q

long acting insulin

A

used as a “background”; longterm

133
Q

levemir (detemir), lantus (glargine), tresiba (degludec)

A

long acting insulin

134
Q

short acting insulin (“regular insulin”)

A

for 30-45 min before meals

135
Q

novolin ge Toronto, Humulin R, Entuzity (Kwikpen)

A

short acting insulin

136
Q

intermediate acting insulin

A

used for background replacement; evening snack very important

137
Q

Humulin N, Novolin ge NPH

A

intermediate acting insulin

138
Q

BBIT

A

Basal (long acting) in am
Bolus (short/rapid acting) at meals
Insulin correction (short/rapid) if need
Titrate dose to achieve glucose levels

139
Q

cefazolin, cephalexin, cefuroxime

A

1st gen cephalosporins
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition

140
Q

ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftaroline

A

3-5th gen cephalosporins
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
- treat meningitis

141
Q

impinem, meropenem

A

carbapenem
bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition

142
Q

polysporin

A

bacitracin
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
- work on gram + bacteria

143
Q

vancomycin

A

glycopeptide
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
- treats MRSA

144
Q

erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

A

macrolide
- protein synthesis inhibition
- treats community acquired pneumonia

145
Q

doxycycline, monocycline

A

tetracycline
- protein synthesis inhibition
- broad spectrum but contraindicated in pediatrics

146
Q

gentamicin, streptomycin, neomycin, tobramycin

A

aminoglycoside
- protein synthesis inhibition
- very potent

147
Q

clindamycin

A

lincosamide
- protein synthesis inhibitor
- surgical prophylaxis

148
Q

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin

A

fluoroquinolones
- DNA synthesis inhibitor
- work on gram - bacteria and are used for GI infections

149
Q

metronidazole (flagyl)

A

nitroimidazole
- DNA synthesis inhibitor
- C.diff infection

150
Q

amphotericin, nystatin

A

fungal antibiotics
- increase cell permeability

151
Q

med synergy used for…
rifamipin (DNA inhibition)
Isoniazid (cell wall synthesis inhibition)

A

tuberculosis

152
Q

h.pylori treatment

A

omeprazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole

153
Q

ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine

A

H2 receptor antagonists
- decrease HCL production

154
Q

ranitidine CNS effects

A

no CNS effects, does not cross BBB

155
Q

omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole

A

PPI
- prevents HCL acid secretion

156
Q

aluminium hydroxide (amphojel) main side effect

A

constipation

157
Q

magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) main side effect

A

diarrhea

158
Q

meperidine (demerol)

A

antidiarrheal (opioid + atropine)

159
Q

metamucil

A

bulk forming laxative
- pulls water into stool and adds bulk

160
Q

colace

A

stool softener
- pulls water and fat into stool
- used post surgery

161
Q

milk of magnesia, lactulose

A

saline and osmotic laxative
- pull water into stool
- used pre procedural

162
Q

dulcolax, senna, castor oil

A

stimulant laxatives
- increase peristalsis

163
Q

dimenhydrinate, meclizine, diclectin

A

H1 antagonists
- treat motion induced nausea

164
Q

scopolamine

A

treat nausea by targeting antimuscarinic anticholinergic receptors
- some affinity to H1 receptors

165
Q

ondansetron

A

5HT3 (serotonin) antagonist
- treats drug induced nausea

166
Q

metoclopramide, prochlorperazine

A

D2 receptor antagonists that stimulate GI motility to treat nausea caused by GI pain

167
Q

insulin that should be withheld prior to surgery

A

rapid acting
- novorapid (aspart)

168
Q

glyburide (diabeta)

A

sulfonylurea; increase beta cell insulin release
- DM II treatment

169
Q

drug that is commonly used instead of metformin

A

glyburide (diabeta)

170
Q

metformin (glucophage)

A

biguanide; decrease hepatic glucose release
- DM II treatment

171
Q

rosiglitazone

A

thiazolidinedione; increase cellular blood glucose uptake
- will cause weight gain
- DM II treatment

172
Q

sanagliflozin (invokana)

A

SGLT2 inhibitor; increase glucose excretion
- DM II treatment

173
Q

dulaglutide (trulicity)

A

GL1 receptor agonist; slow GI absorption and decrease appetite
- DM II treatment

174
Q

orlistat (xenical)

A

lipase inhibitor; decrease fat absorption in intestine
- obesity treatment

Nurs 216B (19 decks)

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