all pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
apixaban
A
anticoagulant
- TIA treatment
2
Q
dabigatran
A
anticoagulant
- TIA treatment
3
Q
ASA
A
antiplatelet; NSAID
- TIA treatment, pain management
4
Q
ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftaroline
A
3rd gen cephalosporins
5
Q
narrow spectrum penicillin
A
pen V and G
6
Q
temozolomide
A
type of chemotherapy “alkylating agent” used in cancer treatment
7
Q
clonazepam (rivotril), Diazepam (Valium), Lorazepam (Ativan), Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
A
benzodiazepines
- short term treat seizures
8
Q
benzodiazepines MOA + important side effects
A
potentiate GABA to depress CNS
- addictive, amnesia
- dilated pupils
9
Q
commonly abused benzodiazepines
A
alprazolam (xanax), flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
10
Q
flumazenil (romazicon)
A
benzodiazepine overdose treatment
11
Q
phenobarbital (phenobarb), secobarbital
A
barbiturates
- short term seizure treatment
12
Q
barbiturates MOA + important side effects
A
potentiate effects of GABA to depress CNS
- addictive, narrow TI
13
Q
activated charcoal + sodium bicarbonate
A
overdose treatment of barbiturates and acetaminophen
14
Q
phenytoin (dilantin), carbamazepine (tegretol), valproic acid (valproate)
A
anticonvulsant
- long term seizure treatment
15
Q
anticonvulsant MOA + important side effects
A
delay action potential and decrease neuron activity through decrease in sodium
- vitamin K interference, arrhythmias
16
Q
secobarbital
A
barbiturate used in assisted suicide
17
Q
diazepam
A
benzodiazepine used in assisted suicide
18
Q
rivastigmine, galantamine
A
cholinesterase inhibitors
- manage alzheimers
19
Q
cholinesterase inhibitors MOA
A
decrease Ach breakdown
20
Q
levodopa, rotigotine (neupro)
A
dopamine agonists
- treat parkinson’s
21
Q
melatonin
A
synthesized from typrtophan found in the epithalamus with a negative feedback system
22
Q
sonata, ambien, lunesta
A
non-benzodiazepines
- treat insomnia
23
Q
non-benzodiazepines
A
bind/enhance GABA
24
Q
pupils on opiates
A
constricted
25
pupils on stimulants
dilated
26
sumatriptan, zolmitriptan
serotonin agonists
- treat migraines
27
antipsychotic MOA + important side effects
target limbic system
- parkinsonism, restless, tremors,
28
typical antipsychotic medications
efficacious for 'positive; schizophrenic symptoms
29
chlorprozamine
phenothiazine; typical antipsychotic
- treat schizophrenia
30
haloperidol (haldol)
non-phenothiazine; typical antipsychotic
- treat schizophrenia
31
atypical antipsychotic medications
efficacious for 'negative' schizophrenic symptoms
32
olanzapine (zyprexa), quetiapine (seroquel), clozapine (clozaril), risperidone (risperdal)
atypical antipsychotic drugs
- treat schizophrenia
33
fluvoxetine (prozac), sertraline (zoloft), paroxetine (paxil)
SSRI's; increase serotonin
- used to treat depression
34
mirtazapine (remeron), bupropion (wellbutrin)
SNRI; atypical antidepressant; increase serotonin and norepi
- used to treat depression
35
imipramine (impril)
tricyclic antidepressant; increase serotonin, norepi, and dopamine
- treats depression
36
MAO inhibitors
inhibit monoamine oxidase enzyme to increase neurotransmitter presence of serotonin, norepi, dopamine
37
glutamate, serotonin, opioids are all receptors for which drug?
ketamine
38
lithium
increases serotonin
- used for suicide risk reduction
39
local anesthetics MOA
sodium is blocked so no communication; lipophilic so easily absorbed and distributed
- very quick onset
40
prilocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine
local anesthetics; sodium channel blockers
41
epinephrine as an adjunct to anesthetics
causes vasoconstriction which controls any bleeding to increase duration of action
42
epidural
location ensured by mo CSF return; in epidural space which can be in cervical, thoracic, or lumbar
43
spinal anesthetic
directly in CSF; always below L2; ensure needle position with CSF drawback
44
inhaled general anesthetics MOA
decrease action potentials and increase GABA
45
nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane
inhaled general anesthetics
46
propofol
intravenous anesthetics; barbiturate-like drug
47
paralytic MOA
block Ach binding nicotinic receptors; no BBB just PNS
- rapid onset
48
vecuronium, rocuronium, pancuronium, succinylcholine
paralytics
49
ketamine + midazolam (benzodiazepine) use
MAC: conscious sedation
50
opioids, ketamine, PCP, mushrooms, DMT, benzodiazepines
downers
51
cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine
mixed
52
CNS stimulants, psychoactive stimulants
uppers
53
desired effect of downers abuse
relaxation (euphoria)
54
increase in dopamine, inhibit substance P, decrease glutamate, are all effects of?
downers
55
hallucinogenic that is low potency and low addiction
mushrooms
56
how vaping works/negative effects
when aerosols are generated from heated formaldehyde, glycidol, and acetol it becomes more toxic
57
high CBD
antagonize adrenergic NS having a calming effect
58
high THC
modulate adrenergic NS causing excitement
59
CB1 and CB2 receptors
modulate serotonin, increase anandamide (memory loss), stimulate dopamine release
60
effects of nicotine
affects cholinomimetic and adrenergic receptors with the effects of vasoconstriction, decreased GI motility, and alertness
61
increases ach, stimulates dopamine, increases GABA, decreases glutamate
effects of alcohol
62
desired effect of uppers abuse
excitation, hallucination, altered reality
63
immune globulins
antibodies that provide an immediate short term immunity boost
64
cytokines: interferons, interleukins
immune mediators that stimulate the immune system
65
immunizations
triggers synthesis of B cell antibodies
66
direct acting vasodilators
treat malignant hypertension
- stimulates nitric oxide production to relax blood vessels
67
Nipride (nitroprusside), Hydralazine
direct acting vasodilators
68
purpose of diuretics
decrease blood volume
69
purpose of ACE inhibitors
vasodilation and decrease blood volume
- first line in HF treatment
70
purpose of ARB's
vasodilate and decrease blood volume
- take longer to work
71
loop diuretics
loop of henle
- blocks electrolyte re-absorption to push them out more
- hypokalemia
72
furosemide (lasix)
loop diuretic; antihypertensive
73
thiazide diuretics
distal convoluted tubule
- decrease electrolyte reabsorption and push them out
- hypokalemia
74
hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metolazone
thiazide diuretics
75
potassium sparing diuretics
collecting distal tubule
- antagonizes aldosterone to push Na out and retain K
- hyperkalemia
76
spironolactone (aldactone)
potassium sparing diuretic
77
aldactazide
thiazide and potassium sparing diuretic
78
osmotic diuretics
pulls water into circulation and renal tubules
- inhibit renin release
- used for cerebral edema
79
mannitol, isosorbide
osmotic diuretics
80
enalapril, captopril, monopril, ramipril
ACE inhibitors
81
losartan (cozaar), Ibesartan (avapro)
ARB's
82
hyzaar, cosart
thiazide diuretic and ARB
83
calcium channel blockers
block calcium to cause muscle relaxation
84
nifedipine (adalat), amlodipine (norvasc)
smooth muscle selective calcium channel blockers
85
verapamil (isoptin), diltiazem (cardizem)
cardiac muscle selective calcium channel blockers
86
alpha 1 antagonists
vasodilate, constrict pupils, urinary incontinence
87
alpha 2 antagonists
vasodilate, diarrhea, urinary incontinence
88
prazosin
alpha 1 antagonist/blocker
89
phentolamine
alpha 1&2 antagonist/blocker
90
beta 1 antagonists
decrease heart contractility and HR
91
beta 2 antagonists
vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, decreased glycogen breakdown
92
atenolol
beta 1 specific blocker
93
propranolol, metoprolol
beta 1&2 blocker
94
lopressor HCT
thiazide and adrenergic antagonist
95
alpha 2 agonists
treat hypertension, inhibit norepinephrine and decrease sympathetic tone
96
clonidine, methyldopa
alpha 2 adrenergic agonists
97
organic nitrates
exogenous nitric oxide
- vasodilates in heart
98
nitroglycerin
organic nitrate
- 1st line acute coronary flow obstruction
99
statins
lower LDL through decreased synthesis
- treat ACS, CAD
100
lovastatin (mevacor), atorvastatin (lipitor), simvastatin (zocor)
Statins (lower LDL)
101
niacin
increases HDL (good cholesterol)
- low efficacy so its good for synergy
102
fibrates
decrease VLDL
- low efficacy so its good for synergy
103
antioxidants
reduce reactive molecules through formation of water molecules
104
ASA, dipyridamole, aggrenox
antiplatelet
- block thromboxane A2 degranulation
105
clopidogrel (plavix)
antiplatelet
- block ADP in degranulation
106
abciximab (reporo), integrilin, aggrastat
antiplatelets
- protein IIb/IIIa inhibitor to decrease fibrin adhesion
107
heparin, enoxaparin (lovenox), dalteparin (fragmin), apixaban
anticoagulants
- inhibit factor Xa resulting in no thrombin production
- treat PE, DVT
108
dabigatran (pradaxa)
anticoagulant
- block thrombin receptors
109
warfarin (coumadin)
anticoagulant
- inhibit synthesis of clotting factors (2,7,9,10)
110
PT/INR
monitor for warfarin
111
PTT
monitor for heparin
112
anti factor Xa
monitor for LMWH
113
thrombolytics
dissolve fibrin clot through tPA conversion to plasmin
114
alteplase;reteplase (tPA)
thrombolytics
115
protamine sulfate
reverses effects of heparin
116
praxbind
reverses effects of dabigatran
117
vitamin K
reverses effects of warfarin
118
desmopressin
synthetic ADH to stimulate vWF secretion
- treats vWF disease, diabetes insipidus
119
cardiac glycosides
block Na and increase Ca to increase contractility
-treat HF
120
digoxin (lanoxin), digitoxin
cardiac glycosides
121
digibind
toxicity/overdose antidote
122
phosphodiasterase inhibitors
block phosphodiesterase to increase contractility of heart and cause vasodilation
- treat acute HF
123
milrinone, amrinone, viagra
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
124
dobutamine (B1 specific) , dopamine HCL
adrenergic agonists that treat acute HF
125
4 primary medications used in acute HF
lasix, nipride, nitroglycerin, dobutamine
126
instead of lasix for acute HF, this is used instead in chronic HF
combination diuretics
127
instead of B1 agonists for acute HF, use this instead for chronic HF
cardiac glycosides
128
instead of direct acting vasodilators for acute HF, use this instead for chronic HF
ACE/ARB's
129
levothyroxine (synthroid), liothyronine (cytomel)
synthetic hormone that treats hypothyroidism
130
rapid acting insulin
used for meal time bolus and patient needs to eat immediately after
131
humalog (lispro), novorapid (aspart), apidra (glulisine), fiasp
rapid acting insulin
132
long acting insulin
used as a "background"; longterm
133
levemir (detemir), lantus (glargine), tresiba (degludec)
long acting insulin
134
short acting insulin ("regular insulin")
for 30-45 min before meals
135
novolin ge Toronto, Humulin R, Entuzity (Kwikpen)
short acting insulin
136
intermediate acting insulin
used for background replacement; evening snack very important
137
Humulin N, Novolin ge NPH
intermediate acting insulin
138
BBIT
Basal (long acting) in am
Bolus (short/rapid acting) at meals
Insulin correction (short/rapid) if need
Titrate dose to achieve glucose levels
139
cefazolin, cephalexin, cefuroxime
1st gen cephalosporins
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
140
ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftaroline
3-5th gen cephalosporins
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
- treat meningitis
141
impinem, meropenem
carbapenem
bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
142
polysporin
bacitracin
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
- work on gram + bacteria
143
vancomycin
glycopeptide
- bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
- treats MRSA
144
erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
macrolide
- protein synthesis inhibition
- treats community acquired pneumonia
145
doxycycline, monocycline
tetracycline
- protein synthesis inhibition
- broad spectrum but contraindicated in pediatrics
146
gentamicin, streptomycin, neomycin, tobramycin
aminoglycoside
- protein synthesis inhibition
- very potent
147
clindamycin
lincosamide
- protein synthesis inhibitor
- surgical prophylaxis
148
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin
fluoroquinolones
- DNA synthesis inhibitor
- work on gram - bacteria and are used for GI infections
149
metronidazole (flagyl)
nitroimidazole
- DNA synthesis inhibitor
- C.diff infection
150
amphotericin, nystatin
fungal antibiotics
- increase cell permeability
151
med synergy used for...
rifamipin (DNA inhibition)
Isoniazid (cell wall synthesis inhibition)
tuberculosis
152
h.pylori treatment
omeprazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole
153
ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine
H2 receptor antagonists
- decrease HCL production
154
ranitidine CNS effects
no CNS effects, does not cross BBB
155
omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole
PPI
- prevents HCL acid secretion
156
aluminium hydroxide (amphojel) main side effect
constipation
157
magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) main side effect
diarrhea
158
meperidine (demerol)
antidiarrheal (opioid + atropine)
159
metamucil
bulk forming laxative
- pulls water into stool and adds bulk
160
colace
stool softener
- pulls water and fat into stool
- used post surgery
161
milk of magnesia, lactulose
saline and osmotic laxative
- pull water into stool
- used pre procedural
162
dulcolax, senna, castor oil
stimulant laxatives
- increase peristalsis
163
dimenhydrinate, meclizine, diclectin
H1 antagonists
- treat motion induced nausea
164
scopolamine
treat nausea by targeting antimuscarinic anticholinergic receptors
- some affinity to H1 receptors
165
ondansetron
5HT3 (serotonin) antagonist
- treats drug induced nausea
166
metoclopramide, prochlorperazine
D2 receptor antagonists that stimulate GI motility to treat nausea caused by GI pain
167
insulin that should be withheld prior to surgery
rapid acting
- novorapid (aspart)
168
glyburide (diabeta)
sulfonylurea; increase beta cell insulin release
- DM II treatment
169
drug that is commonly used instead of metformin
glyburide (diabeta)
170
metformin (glucophage)
biguanide; decrease hepatic glucose release
- DM II treatment
171
rosiglitazone
thiazolidinedione; increase cellular blood glucose uptake
- will cause weight gain
- DM II treatment
172
sanagliflozin (invokana)
SGLT2 inhibitor; increase glucose excretion
- DM II treatment
173
dulaglutide (trulicity)
GL1 receptor agonist; slow GI absorption and decrease appetite
- DM II treatment
174
orlistat (xenical)
lipase inhibitor; decrease fat absorption in intestine
- obesity treatment
