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Abnormal Psychology 3018 > Trauma- and Stressor Related Disorders > Flashcards

Trauma- and Stressor Related Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What disorders are listed in the Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders chapter of the DSM-5?

A
  • Reactive Attachment Disorder;
  • Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder;
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder;
  • Acute Stress Disorder;
  • Adjustment Disorder.
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2
Q

Why are the disorders in the Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders chapter grouped together? What is the explicit criterion?

A

The explicit criterion for this chapter is ‘exposure to trauma or stress’.

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3
Q

What is the DSM-5’s criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (A. - E.)

A

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.
B. Intrusion symptoms (1+).
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli (1+).
D. Negative changes in cognition, mood (2+).
E. Changes in arousal, reactivity (2+).

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4
Q

In the DSM-5’s criteria for PTSD, what is criterion A.? And what are some examples? (4)

A

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.

  • Directly experiencing event;
  • Witnessing event;
  • Learning of the event (of a friend family member);
  • Exposure to adverse events (police, ambulance).
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5
Q

In the DSM-5’s criteria for PTSD, what is criterion B.? And what are some examples? (5) And how many are needed?

A

B. Intrusion symptoms (1+).

  • Distressing memories;
  • Distressing dreams;
  • Dissociative reactions (flashbacks);
  • Distress at exposure to reminders of the event;
  • Physiological reactions to reminders of the event.
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6
Q

In the DSM-5’s criteria for PTSD, what is criterion C.? And what are some examples? (2) And how many are needed?

A

C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli (1+).

  • Avoidance of distressing memories, thoughts, feelings associated with event.
  • Avoidance of external reminders related to the event.
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7
Q

In the DSM-5’s criteria for PTSD, what is criterion D.? And what are some examples? (7) And how many are needed?

A

D. Negative changes in cognition, mood (2+).

  • Inability to remember important aspects of event (dissociative amnesia).
  • Negative beliefs about oneself, others, or world.
  • Distorted ideas about the causes/consequences of event (leading to blame of oneself/others).
  • Persistent negative emotions.
  • Diminished interest or participation in activities.
  • Feeling detachment or estrangement from others.
  • Inability to experience positive emotions.
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8
Q

In the DSM-5’s criteria for PTSD, what is criterion E.? And what are some examples? (6) And how many are needed?

A

E. Changes in arousal, reactivity (2+).

  • Irritable behaviour and angry outbursts (verbal or physical aggression).
  • Reckless or self-destructive behaviour.
  • Hyper-vigilance.
  • Exaggerated startle response.
  • Problems with concentration.
  • Sleep disturbance.
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9
Q

What is the F. and G. criterion in the DSM-5’s definition of PTSD?

A

F. Duration of symptoms longer than 1 month.

G. Symptoms cause significant distress of impairment.

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10
Q

When a person has learned of a close family member or friend’s death and subsequently developed PTSD symptoms, what is the criterion for the death?

A

To have been violent, accidental or occurring suddenly.

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11
Q

In PSTD, what are dissociative reactions?

A

They are flashbacks, whereby the person feels as though the traumatic event is reoccurring.

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12
Q

In PSTD, what is dissociative amnesia?

A

The inability to remember an important aspect of the event.

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13
Q

What are two specifiers of PTSD? And what does their presence indicate?

A
  1. Dissociative symptoms.
  2. Delayed onset.
    They indicate a negative prognosis.
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14
Q

What does it mean if someone presents symptoms of PTSD but has not experienced the very clearly defined criteria for a ‘traumatic event’?

A

They cannot be diagnosed with PTSD.

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15
Q

In PTSD, what do flashbacks, memories & dreams cause the person to do?

A

They are really frightening, so in order to not experience them, the person performs avoidance behaviours.

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16
Q

In what ways can a person’s beliefs shift after developing PTSD?

A

They may see the world and themselves differently, that the world is unsafe or that they can’t trust anyone.

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17
Q

What does an increase in arousal and reactivity cause a person with PTSD to do?

A

Seek out dangerous activities.

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18
Q

What is a disorder that is circulating the literature but hasn’t been included in the DSM yet? (but will probably be in the next one)

A

Complex PTSD or Developmental Trauma Disorder.

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19
Q

What is Complex PTSD/Developmental Trauma Disorder?

A

It is a disorder caused by chronic, long-term trauma (often abuse or neglect).

20
Q

What is a defining feature of Complex PTSD/Developmental Trauma Disorder? And why does it occur?

A

A severe inability to regulate emotions.
It occurs because an abused child does not have the skills to process the trauma, leading to emotional dysregulation later in life.

21
Q

What are some behaviours/cognitions that arise from Complex PTSD/Developmental Trauma Disorder?

A
  • Very low self-worth.
  • Emotional avoidance.
  • Substance use.
  • Abusive relationships.
  • Self-destructive.
22
Q

Although treatment is difficult, how may a person with Complex PTSD/Developmental Trauma Disorder be helped? (2 things)

A
  1. Helping patient deal with emotions (distress tolerance treatment therapy).
  2. Help person develop a sense of self-worth and self-care.
23
Q

What is Acute Stress Disorder?

A

It occurs within 3 days - 1 month after a traumatic event and has very similar symptoms to PTSD. If symptoms are not resolved after 1 month, diagnosis changes to PTSD.

24
Q

In Acute Stress Disorder, what symptoms are emphasised for diagnosis?

A

Dissociative symptoms.

25
Q

What are the 4 different types of symptoms involved in Acute Stress Disorder? (and some examples)

A
  1. Intrusion symptoms.
    - memories, dreams, etc.
  2. Dissociative symptoms
    - depersonalisation, derealisation.
  3. Avoidance symptoms.
  4. Arousal symptoms.
26
Q

What is depersonalisation and derealisation?

A

Depersonalisation is feeling detached and often unable to feel emotion.
Derealisation is feeling detached from your surroundings (like in a movie), and those you love - as though there is a glass wall between you and them.

27
Q

What percentage of people with untreated Acute Stress Disorder will develop PTSD, compared to those who ARE treated?
What does this mean?

A

60-70% untreated will develop PTSD.
14% who are treated will develop PTSD.
This indicates that the treatment of ASD is extremely important in the prognosis and onset of PTSD.

28
Q

What is Reactive Attachment Disorder?

A

A tendency to have difficulty with attachments due to prolonged exposure to abuse in childhood (often neglect).

29
Q

What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?

A

Troubled internal attachment models cause excessive attachment, due to childhood abuse (often neglect).

30
Q

What is an Adjustment Disorder? How does it present?

A

An Adjustment Disorder is caused by exposure to a common stressful life event. The person cannot process event normally and has abnormal symptoms considering the event. Not as extreme as PTSD.

31
Q

When does Adjustment Disorder tend to present itself?

A

6-7 months after the stressful event.

32
Q

How many people will experience a traumatic event in their life?

A

60%.

33
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence of PTSD and the lifetime prevalence of PTSD? How does this compare with the percentage of people who experience a traumatic event?

A

12-month prevalence: 1-4%.
Lifetime prevalence: 6-7%.
60% of the population have experienced a traumatic event, so 6-7% of that means that on the flip side, 80-90% of those who experience a traumatic event, DO NOT develop PTSD.

34
Q

What is the typical gendered experience of developing PTSD after a traumatic event?

A

10-20% of women will develop PTSD after a traumatic event.

6-8% of men will develop PTSD after a traumatic event.

35
Q

What is the ‘normative response’ to a traumatic event?

A

Distress is a normal reaction to a traumatic event and within 75% of people, distress will drop within 3 months.
Allowing a person to process the trauma on their own, have time to heal is normally all that is needed.

36
Q

Immediately after a traumatic event, is it good to engage heavily in therapy?

A

Not necessarily, talking excessively can make the event seem even more heightened. People tend to have their own coping mechanisms to deal with stress.

37
Q

If someone has been left alone to deal with a traumatic event, what must they be monitored for (from a distance)?

A

If someone doesn’t start to recover, it must be identified as soon as possible to immediately assist with PSTD development.

38
Q

What are some personal risk factors, present before the traumatic event, that increase the risk of PTSD? (4 things).

A

What was the person like before?
Psychiatric problems?
Childhood trauma? Family instability?

39
Q

What are some external risk factors directly related to the traumatic event that increase the risk of PTSD? (4 things).

A

How impactful traumatic event was;
severity of exposure.
Location of exposure (home vs. elsewhere).
Role in the event (victim, observer, helper).

40
Q

What are personal risk factors, present AFTER the traumatic event, that increase the risk of PTSD? (3 things).

A

Social support? Coping style? Other stressors?

41
Q

What factors involved with a person’s life/wellbeing might impact the development of PTSD? (3 things)

A

If someone is psychologically vulnerable, lacks social support, is at a social/economic disadvantage.

42
Q

What is the rate of PTSD after a car accident? Natural disaster? Combat? Rape?

A

Car accident: 10-12%.
Natural disaster: 10-12%.
Combat: 30-40%.
Rape: 55%.

43
Q

What are some medicinal treatments for PTSD? Are they effective? Compared to CBT?

A

Benzodiazepines, antidepressants (SSRIs).

Can be quite effective, not as effective as CBT.

44
Q

How should a clinician Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for PTSD patients? (5 steps)

A
  1. Assess suitability.
  2. Psychoeducation (about PTSD & therapy).
  3. Anxiety management techniques.
  4. Cognitive restructuring (shift the meaning person gave to event/to themselves).
  5. Prolonged exposure.
45
Q

What is the Prolonged Exposure step in the CBT treatment of PTSD?

A

It involves the person detailing the event in first person, from start to finish. They do this multiple times until anxiety is reduced and they can then process the memories and event.

46
Q

What is an issue with using CBT in the treatment of PTSD?

A

The dropout rate is high.

Abnormal Psychology 3018 (29 decks)

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