Trauma and Stress Disorders Flashcards
What’s the difference between primary and secondary appraisals?
primary - how we interpret and decide if its manageable
*harm/loss - damage event inflicted
*threat - degree of damage might have
*challenge - adverse but potential gain for personal growth
Secondary
*resources to cope
* skills, time, support, knowledge
What are the components of ForF response
appraisal –> hypothalamus –> pituitary –> sympa
What are the effects or physiological changes of the ForF response on the body?
*Pit gland: ACTH –> corticosteroids = mobilize fat, glucose into blood,
*excess = break down antibodies, depletes vitamins, decrease WBC
*Body - HR + BP + muscle tension + glycogen release + cortisol
What is General Adaptation Syndrome, who proposed it, and characteristics of each stage
*Han Selye
*Alarm reaction stage - activation
*Resistance stage - reaction to continued stress = negative feedback
*Exhaustion stage - significant loss of reserves and breakdown
What are the different types of coping and the best one?
*problem focused
*cognitive appraisal - changing thinking
*defense mechanisms - mental process to protect from distress
*emotion focused - change emotional response
*seeking social support
problem focused is best long-term
What is social support and does it always product positive outcomes for people trying to manage stressors?
having people that care about you which makes situations much easier to manage
Which has had a greater impact on psychological adjustment: number of stressors or how one perceives them?
- Perception of stress is more strongly correlated with adjustment problems than is the sheer frequency of actual negative life events
What is resilience and what characteristics make up resilient people?
belief in ability to overcome = better handling of stress + cognitive appraisal of challenge + coping abilities
What are the symptoms for the following?: adjustment, PTSD, ASD?
Adjustment disorder - occurs within 3 months after and last no longer than 6 months
* anxiety, depressed, disturbance of conduct, emotion + conduct, and anxiety + depression
PTSD - occur within 1 month and are longer than 1 month
*flashbacks, avoidance, emotional withdrawal, increased arousal
Acute stress disorder - ASD is the same as PTSD but lasts less than 1 month
What are the outcomes and treatments for Adjustment disorder and PTSD?
Adjustment:
*outcome - 5-20% receive help and most resolve without treatment
*treatment - CBT
PTSD:
*outcome -
*treatment - CBT, exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization, SSRIs
What percent of people experience a traumatic event?
PTSD - 8%
70% of people experience some sort of trauma
what are the psychological and psychosocial factors that cause PTSD or make them more vulnerable?
trauma is direct + poor social/coping skills + higher rates in females
Mowrer’s Two Factor Conditioning Theory - classical conditioning + operant conditioning
What distinguishes ASD from PTSD and what percentage of veterans with ASD –> PTSD?
80% of those with ASD develop PTSD
8% of public experience PTSD whereas less than 1/3 experiencing trauma develop PTSD
