Topic 2 Flashcards
What are some contemporary challenges in the field of psychology?
- Causes
o Psychiatric drugs/treatments were extreme (1)
o Deinstitutionalization (2)
o Biological processes are root of conditions (3) - Prescription privileges for psychologists in 6 states
- Rise of managed car, recognition of cultural diversity, social impact, bridging of mental and physical health
How did perspectives on mental illness differ from era to era?
Prehistoric - evil and trephining
Greek and Roman Eras - Hippocrates with bodily fluids and Plato with advocation
Medieval - illness resulted from sin and satanism/witchcraft
Renaissance/Enlightenment - increased scientific thinking, Phillipe Pinel: better French hospitals, Dorothea Dix: lobbied for asylums, Clifford Beers: wrote about atrocities in asylums
20th century - Freud suggests abnormality is caused by unconscious struggles, Psychiatric drugs etc..
What are the major groups of medications (antianxiety and antipsychotic) and what do they treat?
Antianxiety (sedatives) - barbiturates (Amytal) and benzodiazepine (Valium/Xan): increases GABA and reduces sympa
Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics (major tranq) - Phenothiazine (thorazine): blocks dopamine receptors and Atypical Antipsychotics (clozapine and Olanzapine): blocks dopamine and serotonin
What are the major groups of medications (antidepressants and antimanic) and what do they treat?
antidepressants:
MAO (monoamine Oxidase) - inhibits by breaking down monoamine
Tricyclics - blocks reuptake of catecholamines (NE, E, dop)
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors) - Prozac and Lexapro vs SNRI (serotonin NE reuptake inhibitors) - Effexor and Cymbalt
Antimanic:
Lithium (salt) - stabilizes mood for BP but near toxic
Anticonvulsants (Depakote, Lamictal)
Which class of drugs was associated with decreasing psychosurgery and the de-institutional movmement?
antipsychotics
What were the Biological/Medical and psychodynamic theories discussed?
Biological: neurotransmitter/hormonal imbalance, brain damage/tumor, Phineas Gage - railroad worker that changed after damage to frontal lobe
Psychodynamic: Freud’s theories baesd on childhood trauma resulting in unconscious behavior, heavy in anxiety and Ego (unconscious defense mechanisms)
What are Freud’s Personality Fixations?
- Oral – forceful feeding/deprivation/early weaning oral activities, dependency, aggression
- Anal – toilet training: too harsh or too easy OCD/dirty or mean/generous
- Phallic – weird relationship with parents self-obsession, sexual anxiety, envy,
What were the behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic theories discussed?
Behavioral: Classical (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner)
suggests that environment and observable behaviors are key
Cognitive: Albert Ellis and Activate/Belief/Consequence Model - mental processes are learned + Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy which sees therapist become teacher of better thoughts
Humanistic: Maslow(hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers(client-centered therapy) wanted to find positives within human function - inherit self-actualization and conditions of worth
What were the popular research methods to examine the role that genetic factors play in personality and mental illness?
Twin studies - monozygotic vs dizygotic twins
adoption studies - adopted children to their bio vs adopted parents
Diathesis Stress Model - inherit genetic predisposition to behavioral condition
Who are Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner and what did they preach?
Pavlov (dog and bell) + Watson (Little albert)
Skinner (reinforcement vs punishment)
What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
punishment - decreases frequency
reinforcement - increases frequency
What is self-actualization?
The need for self-fulfillment and want to reach potential (top of maslow’s hierarchy)
According to Rogers, what is the major obstacle to personal growth and health?
when there’s conflict/negativity with pathway for actualization
What are the neurotransmitters discussed and what is reuptake?
- Serotonin – mood, hunger, sleep, arousal depression
- Dopamine – reward factor, attention, learning, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s
- Ach – muscle action, learning, memory Ach neurons die as Alzheimer’s increases
- NE – controls alertness and arousal undersupplied depresses mood and cause ADHD symptoms
- GABA – major inhibitory undersupply leads to seizure, tremors, and insomnia
- Glutamate – major excitatory oversupply overstimulate brain with headaches and seizures
According to Freud’s theory, what factors contribute to development of mental illness?
anxiety (ego), environment (realistic anxiety), superego (moralistic anxiety), conflicts with id/unconscious (neurotic anxiety)
What are defense mechanisms?
ways of coping by distorting reality
What are the different types of defense mechanisms?
displacement - redirecting feelings from one place to another
projection - thoughts and feelings become another’s
rationalization - justification without real explanation
denial, repression, regression
What are the contemporary psychodynamic approaches?
lotsof therapy, self-awareness, understanding where behaviors come from and then reconstructing one’s self
What was Freud’s goal with psychoanalysis and what methods were used
insight and control over unconscious through
methods: free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, transference
What is ECT used for and what happened?
electroconvulsive therapy - through patches on the head sending in electrical currents to stimulate brain with seizure - memory loss and fatigue
What are some behavioral treatments ?
Systematic Desensitization - imagining stimuli
Exposure therapy: flooding - actual stimuli vs implosion - imagining
Aversion - punishment to reduce bad behaviors
What is the focus of cognitive therapy?
to understand and change mental processes
What is Diathesis stress and the biopsychosocial model of mental illness?
Diathesis stress - inherit genetic predisposition to behavioral condtion
Bio - genes, neurotransmitters
Psych - thoughts, emotions, behaviors
Social - social/cultural
What is the focus of sociocultural theories and social justice
explain abnormalities with external factors: environment, social policies, power dynamics, cultural traditions
Liberation psychology - to understand the oppressed
