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Physiology and Pharmacology > Transporter proteins > Flashcards

Transporter proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of sodium?

A

Extracellular - 140mM

Intracellular - 14mM

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2
Q

What are the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of potassium?

A

Extracellular - 5mM

Intracellular - 160mM

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3
Q

What are the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of calcium?

A

Extracellular - 1mM

Intracellular - 100nM

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4
Q

What are the relative extracellular and intracellular concentrations of chloride ions?

A

Extracellular concentration is higher than intracellular one

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5
Q

Where is Na+ K+ ATPase located?

A

Plasma membrane of all cells

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6
Q

What does Na+ K+ ATPase do?

A

Actively transports 3 sodium out of the cell
2 potassium ions into the cell
using energy from ATP hydrolysis

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7
Q

What type of transport does Na+ K+ ATPase do?

A

Active transport

Co-transport, antiport

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8
Q

What is the structure of Na+ K+ ATPase?

A

Two subunits

  • alpha subunit
  • beta subunit
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9
Q

What does the alpha subunit of Na+ K+ ATPase do?

A

Binds sodium, potassium, ATP

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9
Q

What is the structure of the beta subunit of Na+ K+ ATPase?

A

It has oligosaccharide chains on its surface

making it a glycoprotein

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11
Q

What does the beta subunit of Na+ K+ ATPase do?

A

Directs the protein to the cell surface

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12
Q

How exactly does Na+ K+ ATPase use the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to actively transport sodium and potassium ions?

A

ATP phosphorylares the alpha subunit

producing an intermediate transporter

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13
Q

How responsible is the Na+ K+ ATPase for producing the resting membrane potential?

A

Has a very minor role

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14
Q

What is largely responsible for producing the resting membrane potential?

A

Plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium ions

move out of the cell through open potassium ion channels

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15
Q

How does Na+ K+ ATPase contribute to the resting membrane potential?

A

Sets up the sodium and potassium concentration gradients required

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16
Q

What does the NCX do in normal conditions?

A

Transports 3 sodium ions into the cell by facilitated diffusion
Actively transports 1 calcium ion out of the cell

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17
Q

What type of transport does NCX do?

A

Co-transport, antiport

18
Q

How does the NCX affect the charge of the plasma membrane?

A

One positive charge entering the cell

19
Q

What does NCX do when the membrane is depolarised?

A

Works in reverse
transports 3 sodium ions out
1 calcium ion in, both by facilitated diffusion

20
Q

What does NCX do during ischaemia? Why?

A

Works in reverse

because ATP is depleted
Na+ K+ ATPase cannot function
sodium ions accumulate inside the cell
membrane becomes depolarised

21
Q

What does NCX working in reverse lead to?

A

High intracellular calcium concentration

toxic to cell

22
Q

What are the transporters involved in controlling cell pH?

A

Na+ H+ exchanger (NHE)

Na+ dependent Cl- HCO3- exchanger (NBC)

Cl- HCO3- exchanger (AE)

23
Q

What does NHE do?

A

Transports one sodium ion into the cell by facilitated diffusion
Transports one hydrogen ion out of the cell

24
Q

What type of transport does NHE do?

A

Co-transport, antiport

25
Q

How does NHE affect the pH of a cell?

A

Raises the pH of the cell

26
Q

What does NBC do?

A

Transports one sodium ion and one bicarbonate ion into the cell
Transports one hydrogen ion and one chloride ion out of the cell

27
Q

How does NHE affect the charge of the plasma membrane?

A

It doesn’t

equal charges going across plasma membrane

28
Q

What type of transport does NBC do?

A

Co-transport, antiport

29
Q

How does NBC affect the pH of a cell?

A

Raises the pH of the cell

30
Q

How does NBC affect the charge of the plasma membrane?

A

It doesn’t

equal charges moving across plasma membrane

31
Q

What does AE do?

A

Transports chloride ion into the cell

bicarbonate ion out of the cell

31
Q

What type of transport does AE do?

A

Co-transport, antiport

33
Q

How does AE affect the pH of the cell?

A

Lowers the pH of the cell

34
Q

How does AE affect the charge of the plasma membrane?

A

It doesn’t

equal charges moving across plasma membrane

35
Q

What type of cell is rich in AE on its plasma membrane?

A

Red blood cells

36
Q

How does AE on the plasma membrane of red blood cells affect them?

A

Makes red blood cells more acidic
lowers affinity of haemaglobin for oxygen
released to tissues

37
Q

How does AE on the plasma membrane of red blood cells affect the blood?

A

Bicarbonate ion released into blood as pH buffer

38
Q

How is cell volume controlled?

A

By transporting osmotically active ions into/out of cells

water follows by osmosis

39
Q

What are some examples of osmotically active ions?

A

Sodium

Potassium

Chloride

40
Q

What are some examples of transporters decrease cell volume? How?

A

Potassium ion channels - potassium ions leave cell through them

41
Q

What are some examples of transporters that increase cell volume? How?

A

Sodium ion channels - sodium ions enter cell through them

NHE - sodium ion enters cell

AE - chloride ion enters cell

Physiology and Pharmacology (20 decks)

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