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Physiology and Pharmacology > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

To control all involuntary responses

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2
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system sensory/afferent or motor/efferent or both?

A

Motor/efferent

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3
Q

What is the other division of the motor/efferent nervous system? How is it different?

A

Somatic nervous system - controls all voluntary responses

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathtic nervous system

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5
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

To control all involuntary responses to stressful situations

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6
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

To control all involuntary responses in resting conditions

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7
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve fibres originate from?

A

Lateral horn of spinal cord in thoraco-lumbar regions

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8
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres travel to from the spinal cord?

A

To the paravertebral sympathetic chain

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9
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres travel to from the paravertebral sympathetic chain?

A

To their target tissues

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10
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibres originate from?

A

Lateral horn of spinal cord in medulla and sacral regions of spinal cord

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11
Q

How many neurones are there in autonomic nerve fibres?

A

Two

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12
Q

What are the names of the two neurones in autonomic nerve fibres?

A

First one is called pre-ganglionic

Second one is called post-ganglionic

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13
Q

What are ganglia in autonomic nerve fibres?

A

Where many autonomic neurones synapse

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14
Q

Are the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurones myelinated?

A

Pre-ganglionic one is myelinated

Post-ganglionic one is unmyelinated

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15
Q

What are the relative lengths of the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurones?

A

In sympathetic nerve fibres, pre-ganglionic is short and post-ganglionic is long

In parasympathetic nerve fibres, pre-ganglionic is long, post-ganglionic is short

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16
Q

How long is the pre-ganglionic neurone in parasympathetic nerve fibres?

A

So long that it often reaches the target tissue and the ganglion and post-ganglionic neurone both occur in the target tissue

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17
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia located?

A

Paravertebral sympathetic chain

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18
Q

What neurotransmitter do pre-ganglionic neurones release?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones release acetylcholine

19
Q

What type of receptor is found on the post-ganglionic neurones in their synapse with the pre-ganglionic neurone?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurones have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

20
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic neurones release?

A

Sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones release noradrenaline

Parasypathetic post-ganglionic neurones release acetylcholine

21
Q

What type of receptor is found in target tissue in their synapse with post-ganglionic neurones?

A

Sympathetic target tissue has adrenoceptors

Parasympathetic target tissue has muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

22
Q

What is the exception to neurotransmitters released by post-ganglionic neurones and the receptor found in target tissue in the synapse?

A

Some sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones release acetylcholine
which binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the target tissue
seen in sweat glands, hair follicles

23
Q

What are neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine and noradrenaline in the autonomic nervous system called? What are some examples?

A

Non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic transmitters

  • ATP
  • NO
24
Q

How are non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic neurotransmitters released in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Co-released with either acetylcholine or noradrenaline

25
Q

What is the exception to there being two neurones in autonomic nerve fibres?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres to adrenal glands only contain pre-ganglionic neurone
adrenal medulla chromaffin cells act as the post-ganglionic neurones

26
Q

What do chromaffin cells do when stimulated?

A

Release adrenaline and smaller amounts of noradrenaline into the blood

27
Q

What are the receptors for parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in the heart?

A

M2

28
Q

Where are M2 receptors in the heart located?

A

SA node

AV node

29
Q

What is the outcome of activation of the different M2 receptors in the heart?

A

SA node - negative chronotropy

AV node - reduced cardiac conduction velocity

30
Q

What are the receptors for parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in smooth muscle?

A

M3

31
Q

What is the outcome of activation of M3 receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

Bronchoconstriction

32
Q

What is the outcome of activation of M3 receptors in intestinal smooth muscle?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle

giving increased motility

33
Q

What is the outcome of activation of M3 receptors in bladder smooth muscle?

A

Contraction of bladder detrusor muscles
relaxation of sphincter muscles
giving passing of urine

34
Q

What are the receptors for sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in the heart?

A

B1

35
Q

Where are B1 adrenoreceptors located in the heart?

A

SA node

Ventricles

36
Q

What is the outcome of activation of the different B1 adrenoceptors in the heart?

A

SA node - positive chronotropy

Ventricles - positive inotropy

37
Q

What are the receptors for sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in smooth muscle?

A

Vascular smooth muscle - A1, B2

Bronchial smooth muscle - B2

Intestinal smooth muscle - B2

Bladder smooth muscle - B2

38
Q

What is the outcome of activation of A1 adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle?

A

Vasoconstriction

39
Q

What is the outcome of activation of B2 adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle?

A

Vasodilation

40
Q

What is the purpose of vasoconstriction and vasodilation stimulates by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones?

A

Redirect blood to muscles from other tissues

41
Q

What is the outcome of activation of B2 adrenoceptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

Bronchodilation

42
Q

What is the outcome of activation of B2 adrenoceptors in intestinal smooth muscle?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle

decreased motility

43
Q

What is the outcome of activation of B2 adrenoceptors in bladder smooth muscle?

A

Bladder sphincter muscle contracts

urine is contained in bladder

44
Q

What is dysautonomia?

A

Means malfunctioning of the autonomic nervous system

Physiology and Pharmacology (20 decks)

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