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Physiology and Pharmacology > Biological signalling molecules > Flashcards

Biological signalling molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of extracellular signalling?

A

Endocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

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2
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

Cell releases signalling molcule
diffuses to nearby cells
binds to receptors on those cells
cause effects in those cells

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3
Q

What are some examples of paracrine signalling molcules?

A

Neurotransmitters

Local chemical mediators

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4
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters based on their structure?

A

Amino acids

Monoamines

Peptides

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters based on their effects on the post-synaptic neurone? What do they each mean?

A

Excitatory - increase action potentials in post-synaptic neurone

Inhibitory - decrease action potentials in post-synpatic neurone

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6
Q

What are some examples of amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate

Glycine

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7
Q

What are some examples of monoamines neurotransmitters?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Dopamine

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8
Q

What are some examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

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9
Q

What is an example of a neurotransmitter that is both excitatory and inhibitory?

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

What are the types of local chemical mediators?

A

Cytokines

Eicosanoids

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11
Q

What are some examples of cytokines?

A

Chemokines

Interleukins

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12
Q

What are some examples of eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienese

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13
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

Cell releases signalling molecules
bind to receptors on same cell
cause effects in same cell

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14
Q

How does paracrine signalling relate to autocrine signalling?

A

Some paracrine signalling molcules are also autocrine signalling molecules e.g. cytokines

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15
Q

How are signalling mechanisms categorised into endocrine, paracrine and autocrine?

A

Based on the distance over which the signalling molcules act

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16
Q

How are signalling molecules used clinically?

A

Can synthesise exogenous molecules that resemble the endogenous ones

Give exogenous molecules that attempt to mimic the endogenous ones

17
Q

What are the types of signalling molecule targets?

A

Receptors

Ion channels

Transporters

Enzymes

18
Q

What are the exceptions to types of signalling molecule targets? Why?

A

Chemotherapy, antibiotics

target DNA, structural proteins

19
Q

What are the types of receptors?

A

Kinase-linked receptors

Ion channels - ligand-gated

Nuclear/intracellular

G-protein coupled receptors

20
Q

What do kinase-linked receptors do?

A

Phosphorylate proteins

21
Q

What does kinase-linked receptors phosphorylating proteins lead to?

A

Gene transcription

protein synthesis

22
Q

What do ligand-gated ion channels do?

A

Ligand binds to them causing them to open

allow specific ions to pass through them down their electrochemical gradient

23
Q

What does ions passing through open ligand-gated ion channels lead to?

A

Change in membrane potential

gives depolarisation or hyperpolarisation

24
Q

What do nuclear/intracellular receptors do?

A

Ligand-recetor complex migrates to nucleus if not already there
bind to transcription factor
activate/inactivate genes

25
Q

What are the types of ion channels?

A

Voltage-gated

Ligand-gated

26
Q

How do voltage-gated ion channels work?

A

Change in membrane potential causes them to open

The change in membrane potential is brought about by ligand-gated ion channels opening

27
Q

How can ion channel activity be modulated?

A

By phosphorylation of intracellular sites by protein kinases

By allosteric regulation by e.g. ATP

28
Q

How do ligands of nuclear/intracellular receptors react to lipids? Why is this important?

A

They are lipid-soluble

important because it allows them to diffuse across the plasma membrane and into the cytoplasm

Physiology and Pharmacology (20 decks)

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