Transport Mechanisms (ACTIVE) Flashcards
A cell uses transport protein
Requires energy
- ATP
- Redox Energy
- Light energy
Active Transport
move a substance against its concentration gradient—from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration
Active Transport
process is similar to facilitated diffusion except it requires energy
Active Transport
allows cell to maintain concentration gradients
Active Transport
Moves molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration
Active transport
It is the difference in the electrical potential (voltage)
across the cell membrane.
cell uses it to control movement of all charged particles across plasma membrane
Membrane potential
Involves the use of carrier proteins called?
protein pumps
Direct hydrolysis of ATP
Primary active transport
Commonly uses energy in the form of ATP
Also uses redox & light/photon energy
Uses membrane proteins called pumps
Primary active transport
carries sodium and potassium ions
Na+- K+ ATPase
carries hydrogen and potassium ions
H+-K+ ATPase
carries calcium ions only
Ca2+ ATPase
carries hydrogen ions only
H+ ATPase
Uses energy from the electrochemical gradient
also called Cotransport
Secondary Active Transport
a substance that has been pumped against its concentration gradient holds potential energy
Cotransport
3 types of mechanism where secondary active transport can work
All of these transporters can also transport small, uncharged organic molecules like glucose.
They can be
present in facilitated diffusion but do not require energy.
Symporter
Antiporter
Uniporter
transport two molecules or ions in the same direction
Symporter
transports two molecules or ions in the opposite directions
Antiporter
transports a single type of molecule or ion
Uniporter
An _________ is present whenever there is a net separation of
charges in space.
electrical potential difference
the cell membrane separates the positive and the negative charges, with the inside of the cell holding more ______ charges compared to the outside.
negative
It uses energy released in ATP hydrolysis to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium (K+) into the cell. The process costs energy because both types of ions are moving from where they are less concentrated to where they are more concentrated.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
used by large macromolecules or large volumes of smaller molecules
- exocytosis
- endocytosis
Bulk Transport
It is the process of expulsion of materials from the cell with the help of a carrier vesicle
Exocytosis
It is a process whereby the cells absorb materials from outside by engulfing them.
3 types
- PHAGOCYTOSIS
- PINOCYTOSIS
- RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis
“cell-eating”
Observe in immune cells (phagocytes, macrophage, neutrophil, WBC)
Eat pathogens & tissue debriss
Phagocytosis
Can be observe in amoeba/protozoa & paramelium for ingestion
Phagocytosis
wraps pseudopods around substance creating a membranous sac = food vacuole —> lysosome to be digested
Phagocytosis
a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it.
Phagocytosis
cell-drinking & nonspecific & MOST COMMON !!!!!
Pinocytosis
cell takes “gulps” of ECF for solutes
Pinocytosis
Occurs in cells living in the small intestine
Pinocytosis
refers to the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens.
Pinocytosis
Allows cells to take in specifically what it needs
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
receptor proteins with ligands in place cluster together into “_____” (on cytoplasmic side)
coated pits
specific ligands bind to specific membrane proteins
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
VERY SPECIFIC MOLECULE
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
A process by which specialized cells, known as phagocytes, engulf, and dispose of large,
solid particles such as dead cells and bacteria or viruses, helping to protect the body from
invading microbes.
Phagocytosis
It is a specific form of endocytosis, resulting only in the ingestion of much
larger solid particles that have not previously been broken down.
Phagocytosis
examples of phagocytes
Macrophages and neutrophils
A highly selective form of endocytosis that begins when receptors on a cell’s surface bind
specific substances, triggering the plasma membrane to form a vesicle around them, drawing
them into the cell.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Examples Vitamins, antibodies, hormones, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and the iron-
transporter, known as transferrin, are all substances taken up into cells
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Also known as bulk-phase endocytosis
Pinocytosis
is carried out by most cells of the
body. It is the process by which small amounts of extracellular fluid along with any dissolved
solutes are taken up into the cell.
pinocytosis
is a non-specific process, where all solutes within the extracellular fluid are transported.
pinocytosis
include cells of the kidney, epithelial cells of the intestines, cells of the liver, and capillary epithelial cells.
pinocytosis
Every cell in the body actively removes certain materials by _____; however, it is particularly integral to the functioning of certain cells, such as secretory cells, which secrete their products
by _____, and neurons, which secrete neurotransmitters by _____.
exocytosis
Membrane-bound
vesicles form inside the cell, usually in the Golgi complex, and the product containing vesicles
then moves towards the plasma membrane, with which they fuse, releasing their contents into
the extracellular fluid.
exocytosis
include the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, and
digestive enzymes.
exocytosis
