TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Question 1

______
- random molecular movement of substances molecule by molecule, either through intermolecular spaces in the membrane or in combination with a carrier protein

Answer 1

Diffusion

Question 2

______
- utilizes energy of the normal kinetic motion of matter

Answer 2

Diffusion

Question 3

______
- movement of ions or other substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier protein

Answer 3

Active transport

Question 4

______
- the carrier protein causes the substance to move against an energy gradient (low-concentration to a high concentration state)

Answer 4

Active Transport

Question 5

______
- requires an additional source of energy besides kinetic energy.

Answer 5

Active transport

Question 6

Types of Diffusion:

Answer 6

Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion

Question 7

______ diffusion
- kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without interaction with carrier proteins in the membrane

Answer 7

Simple

Question 8

Simple diffusion
- rate of diffusion is determined by:

Answer 8

• amount of substance available
• velocity of kinetic motion
• number & sizes of openings in the membrane through which the molecules or ions can move

Question 9

______ diffusion can occur
• through the interstices of the lipid bilayer if the diffusing substance is lipid soluble

Answer 9

Simple

Question 10

______ diffusion can occur
• through watery channels that penetrate all the way through some of the large transport proteins

Answer 10

Simple

Question 11

______ diffusion
• requires interaction of a carrier protein that aids passage of molecules or ions through the membrane by binding chemically with them and shuttling them through the membrane

Answer 11

Facilitated

Question 12

______ diffusion
• “carrier mediated diffusion”

Answer 12

Facilitated

Question 13

______ diffusion
• a substance transported in this manner diffuses through the membrane with the help of a specific carrier protein

Answer 13

Facilitated

Question 14

______ diffusion
• the carrier facilitates diffusion of the substance to the other side

Answer 14

Facilitated

Question 15

______ of Substances Through Membranes
• a cell membrane moves molecules or ions uphill against a concentration gradient (or uphill against an electrical or pressure gradient)

Answer 15

Active Transport

Question 16

______ of Substances Through Membranes
• sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, hydrogen, chloride, iodide, and urate ions, several different sugars, and most of the amino acids.

Answer 16

Active Transport

Question 17

Active Transport
types according to the source of the energy used to facilitate the transport:

Answer 17

Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

Question 18

______ active transport
• energy is derived directly from the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or some other high-energy phosphate compound

Answer 18

Primary

Question 19

______ active transport
• energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences of secondary molecular or ionic substances between the two sides of a cell membrane, created originally by primary active transport

Answer 19

Secondary

Question 20

______
• transport depends on carrier proteins that penetrate through the cell membrane

Answer 20

Active Transport

Question 21

______
• the carrier protein functions differently from the carrier in facilitated diffusion because it is capable of imparting energy to the transported substance to move it against the electrochemical gradient

Answer 21

Active Transport

Question 22

Primary active transport
______ Pump
• transports Na ions out of Cells and K ions into cells

Answer 22

Sodium-Potassium

Question 23

Primary active transport
______ pump
• pumps sodium ions outward through the cell membrane of all cells and pumps potassium ions from the outside to the inside

Answer 23

Na+-K+

Question 24

Primary active transport
______ Pump
• responsible for maintaining the sodium and potassium concentration differences across the cell membrane and establishing a negative electrical voltage inside the cells.

Answer 24

Sodium-Potassium

Question 25

Primary active transport
______ pump
• Calcium ions are maintained mainly by two primary active transport calcium pumps

Answer 25

Calcium

Question 26

Primary active transport
______ Pump in the cell membrane
• pumps calcium to the outside of the cell

Answer 26

Calcium

Question 27

Primary active transport
______ pump
• the other pumps calcium ions into one or more of the intracellular vesicular organelles of the cell, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells and the mitochondria in all cells

Answer 27

Calcium

Question 28

Primary active transport
______ pump
• the carrier protein penetrates the membrane and functions as an enzyme ______ which has a specific binding site for calcium

Answer 28

Calcium, ATPase

Question 29

______ Active Transport of Hydrogen Ions
- ______ glands of the stomach
- Deep-lying ______ cells
• most potent primary active mechanism for transporting hydrogen ions in the body
• basis for secreting ______ in stomach digestive secretions.

Answer 29

Primary, Gastric, parietal, hydrochloric acid

Question 30

______ Active Transport of Hydrogen Ions
• Late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts of the ______
• special ______ cells transport hydrogen ions by primary active transport

Answer 30

Primary, kidneys, intercalated

Question 31

______ active transport
______
• when sodium ions are transported out of cells by primary active transport, a large concentration gradient of ______ across the cell membrane usually develops
• this gradient represents a ______ of energy, because the excess sodium outside the cell membrane is always attempting to diffuse to the interior
• this diffusion energy of sodium can pull other substances along with the sodium through the cell membrane.

Answer 31

Secondary, Co-Transport, sodium ions, storehouse

Question 32

______ active transport
______ of Glucose along with Sodium lons •transport carrier protein has two binding sites on its exterior side, one for ______ and one for ______
• the concentration of sodium lons is ______ on the outside and ______ on the inside, which provides energy for the transport
• a conformational change in the transport protein to allow sodium movement to the interior will not occur until a glucose molecule also attaches.

Answer 32

Secondary, Co-Transport, sodium, glucose, high, low

Question 33

______ active transport
______ of Amino Acids along with Sodium Ions
• occurs in the same manner as for glucose, except that it uses a different set of transport proteins
• the substance to be transported is on the ______ of the cell and is transported to the ______

Answer 33

Secondary, Co-Transport, inside, outside

Question 34

______ active transport
______
• occurs through all or almost all cell membranes, with sodium ions moving to the interior and calcium ions to the exterior, both are bound to the same transport protein in a counter transport mode.

Answer 34

Secondary, Sodium-calcium counter-transport

Question 35

______ active transport
______
• In the proximal tubules of the kidneys sodium lons move from the lumen of the tubule to the interior of the tubular cell and hydrogen ions are counter-transported into the tubule lumen.

Answer 35

Secondary, Sodium-hydrogen counter-transport

Question 36

______ active transport
______
• counter-transport is not nearly as powerful as the primary active transport of hydrogen ions that occurs in the more distal renal tubules, but it can transport extremely large numbers of hydrogen ions, thus making it a key to hydrogen ion control in the body fluids

Answer 36

Secondary, Sodium-hydrogen counter transport