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2A Physiology Midterms > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

THE HEART

two separate pumps:
• ______ that pumps blood through the lungs
• ______ that pumps blood through the systemic circulation that provides blood flow to the other organs and fissues of the body

A

right heart, left heart

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2
Q

THE HEART

two separate pumps

Each of these is a ______, two chamber pump composed of an ______ and a ______

A

pulsatile, atrium, ventricle.

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3
Q

______
• weak primer pump for the ventricle moving blood into the ventricle

A

Atrium

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4
Q

______
• supply the main pumping force that propels the blood either
• (1) through the ______ by the right ventricle
• (2) through the ______ by the left ventricle

A

Ventricles, pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation

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5
Q

______
• two-layer sac which protects the heart and holds it in place.

A

Pericardium

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6
Q

______
• succession of contractions

A

CARDIAC RHYTHMICITY

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7
Q

______
• transmit action potentials throughout the cardiac muscle to cause the heart’s rhythmical beat.

A

CARDIAC RHYTHMICITY

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8
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE 3 major types

A

• atrial muscle
• ventricular muscle
• specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers

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9
Q

______ and ______ muscles contract like the skeletal muscle, except that the duration of contraction is much ______

A

Atrial, ventricular, longer

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10
Q

______ contract feebly because they contain few contractile fibrils

A

Specialized excitatory and conductive fibers

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11
Q

______
• exhibit automatic rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of action potentials or conduction of the action potentials providing an excitatory system that controls the rhythmical beating of the heart.

A

Specialized excitatory and conductive fibers

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12
Q

______
• Is a syncytium

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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13
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE
• ______ discs are cell membranes that separate individual cardiac muscle cells from one another.

A

intercalated

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14
Q

______ are made up of many individual cells connected in series and in parallel with one another.

A

cardiac muscle fibers

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15
Q

Myocardial cell structure

Cells contain ______, ______, ______ and ______

A

myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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16
Q

Myocardial cell structure

______ are present at the intercalated disks
Entire heart behaves as an ______

A

Gap junctions, electrical syncytium

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17
Q

Myocardial cell structure

______ are more numerous in cardiac muscles than in skeletal muscles

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

______ - invaginations in the cell membrane. Carry action potentials into the cell interior

A

T tubules

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19
Q

______ - sites of storage of Ca++ needed for excitation-contraction coupling

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

THE HEART

• Two syncytia:

A

Atrial syncytium
Ventricular syncytium

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21
Q

THE HEART

Two syncytia:
______
- walls of the two atria

A

Atrial syncytium

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22
Q

THE HEART

Two syncytia:
______
- constitutes the walls of the two ventricles

A

Ventricular syncytium

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23
Q

The atria are separated from the ventricles by ______ that surrounds the ______ (A-V) valvular openings

A

fibrous tissue, atrioventricular

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24
Q

THE HEART

Potentials are conducted by way of a specialized conductive system called the ______, a bundle of conductive fibers several millimeters in diameter

A

A-V bundle

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25
Q

THE HEART

The division of the muscle of the heart into two functional syncytia allows the atria to ______ a short time ahead of ventricular contraction, which is important for ______

A

contract, heart pumping

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26
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

A

Phase 0 (Depolarization)
Phase 1 (Initial Repolarization)
Phase 2 (Plateau)
Phase 3 (Rapid Repolarization)
Phase 4 (Resting Membrane Potential)

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27
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• fast Na Channels open When the cardiac cell is stimulated and depolarizes, the membrane potential becomes more positive.

A

0, Depolarization

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28
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• Voltage-gated sodium channels (fast sodium channels) open and permit sodium to rapidly flow into the cell and depolarize it.

A

0, Depolarization

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29
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• fast Na Channels close

A

1, Initial Repolarization

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30
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• the cell begins to repolarize, and potassium ions leave the cell through open potassium channels.

A

1, Initial Repolarization

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31
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• Calcium Channels open and fast potassium channels close. A brief initial repolarization occurs and then plateaus. The voltage-gated calcium ion channels open slowly during phases 1 and 0, and calcium enters the cell while potassium channels close

A

2, Plateau

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32
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• decreased potassium ion efflux and increased calcium ion influx causes the action potential to plateau.

A

2, Plateau

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33
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• Calcium channels close and slow K Channels open

A

3, Rapid Repolarization

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34
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• The closure of calcium ion channels and increased potassium ion permeability, permitting potassium ions tonexit the cell rapidly, ends the plateau and returns the cell membrane potential to its resting level.

A

3, Rapid Repolarization

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35
Q

PHASES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

Phase ______ (______)
• averages about-80 to -90 millivolts.

A

4, Resting Membrane Potential

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36
Q

Cardiac action potentials:

A

Conduction velocity
Refractory period

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37
Q

Cardiac action potentials

Conduction velocity
• Fastest in the ______

A

Purkinje system

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38
Q

Cardiac action potentials

Conduction velocity
• Slowest in the ______

A

AV node

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39
Q

action potentials

Refractory period
• ______ - No action potential could be initiated

A

Absolute refractory period (ARP)

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40
Q

Cardiac action potentials

Refractory period
• ______ - more than the usual inward current is required to initiate an action potential

A

Relative refractory period (RRP)

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41
Q

______
- cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

A

Cardiac Cycle

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42
Q

Cardiac Cycle
- The ______ is used in general as an event marker

A

ECG

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43
Q

Cardiac Cycle

• Generation of an action polential in the ______ (near the opening of the superior vena cava)

A

sinus node

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44
Q

Cardiac Cycle

• The action potential travels rapidly through both ______ and the ______ into the ______

A

atria, A-V bundle, ventricles

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45
Q

Cardiac Cycle

• There is a delay of more than ______ second during passage of the cardiac impulse from the atria into the ventricles which allows the atria to contract ahead of ______

A

0.1, ventricular contraction

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46
Q

Cardiac Cycle

• Blood flows into the ______ before the strong ventricular contraction begins

A

ventricles

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47
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
• act as primer pump for the ventricles

A

Atria

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48
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
• major source of power for moving blood through the body’s vascular system.

A

Ventricles

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49
Q

Diastole and Systole
• total duration of the cardiac cycle, including systole and diastole, is the ______ of the heart rate

A

reciprocal

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50
Q

Diastole and Systole

• top three curves (pressure changes in the ______, ______, and ______)

A

aorta, left ventricle, left atrium

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51
Q

Diastole and Systole

• fourth curve depicts changes in ______

A

left ventricular volume

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52
Q

Diastole and Systole

• fifth depicts the ______

A

ECG

53
Q

Diastole and Systole

• sixth depicts a ______ a recording of the sounds produced by the heart as it pumps.

A

phonocardiogram

54
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Represents atrial depolarization

A

P wave

55
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Is the interval between the beginning of P wave to beginning of Q wave

A

PR interval

56
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Increases with problems in conduction velocity (heart blocks)

A

PR interval

57
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Varies with heart rate.

A

PR interval

58
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

59
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• From beginning of QRS to end of T wave

A

QT interval

60
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Represents entire ventricular depolarization and repolarisation

A

QT interval

61
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Is the segment from the end of S wave to the beginning of T wave

A

ST segment

62
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Is isoelectric

A

ST segment

63
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Represents the period when the ventricle is depolarized

A

ST segment

64
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

______
• Represents ventricular repolarisation

A

T wave

65
Q

Cardiac Cycle (7)

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Rapid ventricular ejection
  4. Reduced ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumic (Isometric) Relaxation
  6. Rapid ventricular filling
  7. Reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)
66
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- preceded by the P wave (electrical activation of atria)

A

Atrial systole

67
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- contributes to ventricle filling

A

Atrial systole

68
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- the moderately increased pressures that have developed in the atria push the A-V valves open and allow blood to flow rapidly into the ventricles (Period of rapid filling of the ventricles)

A

Atrial systole

69
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- When ventricle pressure exceeds that of the atria, AV valves close producing the 1st heart sound.

A

Isovolumetric contraction

70
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Ventricular pressure increases isovolumetrically while all four valves are closed

A

Isovolumetric contraction

71
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- When ventricle pressure exceeds aortic pressure, aortic valve open

A

Rapid ventricular ejection

72
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Rapid ejection of blood to aorta

A

Rapid ventricular ejection

73
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Most of the stroke volume is ejected during this phase

A

Rapid ventricular ejection

74
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Atrial filling begins and the ventricles start repolarising

A

Rapid ventricular ejection

75
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Blood continues to be ejected slowly

A

Reduced ventricular ejection

76
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Both ventricular and aortic pressure starts dropping

A

Reduced ventricular ejection

77
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Atrial filling continues

A

Reduced ventricular ejection

78
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Repolarisation of the ventricle is now complete.

A

Isovolumic (Isometric) Relaxation

79
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Semilunar valves close and the 2nd heart sound occur

A

Isovolumic (Isometric) Relaxation

80
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- All 4 valves are closed while the ventricle relaxes - causing a rapid drop in pressure

A

Isovolumic (Isometric) Relaxation

81
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Mitral valve open and ventricle fill from the atria rapidly

A

Rapid ventricular filling

82
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Longest phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)

83
Q

Cardiac Cycle

______
- Ventricle fill at a slower rate. The time for this varies with the heart rate

A

Reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)

84
Q

______
• degree of muscle tension when it begins to contract

A

Preload

85
Q

______
• the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has become filled

A

Preload

86
Q

______
• the load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force

A

Afterload

87
Q

______
• the pressure in the aorta leading from the ventricle

A

Afterload

88
Q

The importance of the concepts of preload and afterload is that in many abnormal functional states of the heart or circulation, the preload or the afterload, or both are altered from ______ to a ______.

A

normal, severe degree

89
Q

______
• Is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac Output

90
Q

Cardiac Output
• Expressed by the following:
CO = ______

A

Stroke Volume x HR

91
Q

Cardiac output of a 70 kg man is about ______

A

5L

92
Q

______
• Is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle on each beat

A

Stroke volume

93
Q

Stroke volume
• Expressed by the following:
Stroke volume = ______

A

EDV - ESV

94
Q

Stroke volume
• Normally is about ______
(as EDV = ______ & ESV = ______)

A

70 ml, 140 ml, 70 ml

95
Q

Stroke volume
• SV = (______)

A

~2 x pulse pressure

96
Q

Cardiac Index
• Expressed by the following:
cardiac index = ______

A

CO / body surface area

97
Q

______
• Gives a correct estimation of the cardiac output depending on the size of the person

A

Cardiac Index

98
Q

______
• Is the fraction of end-diastolic volume ejected in each stroke volume

A

Ejection fraction

99
Q

Ejection fraction
• Is normally ______ or ______%

A

0.55, 55

100
Q

Ejection fraction
• Is expressed by the following equation:
Ejection fraction = ______

A

SV
End-diastolic volume

101
Q

______
• Is the work the heart performs on each beat

A

Stroke work

102
Q

Stroke work
• Stroke work = ______

A

Aortic pressure x Stroke volume

103
Q

______ are the primary energy source for stroke work

A

Fatty acids

104
Q

______
• Is directly related to the amount of tension developed by the ventricles

A

Myocardial oxygen consumption

105
Q

Myocardial oxygen consumption
It is increased by:
1. increased ______ (______)
2. Increased ______ (______)
3. Increased ______
4. Increased ______

A

afterload, aortic pressure
size of the heart, Laplace’s law
contractility
heart rate

106
Q

4 factors determine cardiac output:

A

Heart Rate
Pre Load
Myocardial contraction
After load

107
Q

“The energy of cardiac contraction is depended on the resting length of the cardiac muscle fibre”

A

STARLING LAW OF THE HEART

108
Q

______
- Explains how heart matches input (VR) to output (C.O) and how cardiac output of right and left heart are equalized to prevent congestion

A

“When stretch is more, contraction is more”

109
Q

______
- describes the increase in stroke volume that occurs in response to an increase in venous return (or end-diastolic volume)

A

Frank-Starling relationship

110
Q

Venous return:
• 🔺P = ______

A

flow x Resistance

111
Q

Rise of the venous Pressure leads to more ______

A

Venous Return

112
Q

Autonomic effects on the heart & vessels

• Innate rate of the SA node is about ______

A

100/min

113
Q

Autonomic effects on the heart & vessels

• Both ______ and ______ have effects on the rate

A

sympathetics, parasympathetics

114
Q

Autonomic effects on the heart & vessels

• If parasympathetics are blocked, the rate rises to ______

A

150-180/min

115
Q

______ - producing changes in the heart rate

A

Chronotropic effect

116
Q

______ - producing changes in conduction velocity mainly in the AV node

A

Dromotropic effect

117
Q

______ - produce an effect on the contractility of the heart

A

Inotropic effect

118
Q

Parasympathetic effect on heart

• SA node, atria and AV node has ______

A

parasympathetic innervation

119
Q

Parasympathetic effect on heart

• Neurotransmitter is ______ acting on muscarinic receptors

Effects are:
• ______ (threshold potential Is reached slowly)
• ______ through the AV node
• ______ (decreased Inward Ca++ current)

A

Acetylcholine
Decreasing heart rate
Decrease conduction velocity
Increase the PR interval

120
Q

Sympathetic effect on heart

• Neurotransmitter is ______. Acting on B1 receptors

Effects are:
• ______ (threshold potential is reached faster
• ______ through the AV node
• ______ (increase inward Ca++ current)
• ______

A

Norepinephrine
Positive chronotropic effect
Increase conduction velocity
Decrease the PR interval
Positive inotropic effect

121
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• occurs after coronary occlusion, and a strong current of injury flows from the infarcted area of the ventricles

A

Coronary Ischemia

122
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• caused by thrombosis of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery

A

Anterior Wall Infarction

123
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• the infarct is near the apex on the posterior wall of the left ventricle.

A

Posterior Wall Infarction

124
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• pain from the heart felt in the pectoral regions of the chest.

A

Angina Pectoris

125
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• radiates to the left neck area and down the left arm

A

Angina Pectoris

126
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• typically caused by moderate ischemia of the heart

A

Angina Pectoris

127
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• inability of the heart to pump blood into the circulation

A

Heart Failure

128
Q

Cardiac Abnormalities

______
• Abnormalities with rate or rhythm of the heart

A

Cardiac Arrythmia

2A Physiology Midterms (8 decks)

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