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2A Physiology Midterms > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

______ - World Lung Day

A

September 25

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2
Q

The role of the respiratory system, is to ______ and ______.

A

move air into the body, remove waste products

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3
Q

Body cells require ______ for respiration.

A

oxygen

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4
Q

The network of respiratory organs and eventual gas exchange into the blood, enables the ______ we breathe to reach our body cells. In turn, ______ is exhaled.

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide

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5
Q

The organs of the respiratory system include the ______, ______, ______, ______, ______ and their smaller branches, and the ______, which contain the ______, or ______.

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, terminal air sacs

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6
Q

The passageways from the nose to the larynx are called the ______, and those from the trachea to the alveoli are the ______.

A

upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract

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7
Q

The ______ is an externally visible part of the respiratory system.

A

nose

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8
Q

Air enters through the ______ (______) and moves into the ______.

A

nostrils, nares, nasal cavity

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9
Q

Inside, the nasal cavity is lined with ______, which warms and moistens the air while trapping bacteria and debris.

A

mucosa

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10
Q

The nasal cavity has three projections called ______, which increase surface area and turbulence to further filter the air.

A

conchae

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11
Q

The ______, or ______, is a long muscular passageway that serves as a common path for both food and air.

A

pharynx, throat

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12
Q

The pharynx has three regions:

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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13
Q

The pharynx has three regions:

the ______ (connected to the nasal cavity)

A

nasopharynx

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14
Q

The pharynx has three regions:

the ______ (shared by food and air)

A

oropharynx

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15
Q

The pharynx has three regions:

the ______ (which directs air to the larynx and food to the esophagus)

A

laryngopharynx

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16
Q

The ______, or ______, is located below the pharynx and is responsible for routing air and food into the proper channels, as well as playing a role in speech.

A

larynx, voice box

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17
Q

LARYNX

The largest cartilage is the ______, commonly known as the ______.

A

thyroid cartilage, Adam’s apple

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18
Q

LARYNX

The ______ acts as a “______,” allowing air into the larynx during breathing and covering the larynx when swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs.

A

epiglottis, guardian of the airway

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19
Q

The larynx also contains ______ (______) that vibrate with expelled air, enabling speech.

A

vocal folds, true vocal cords

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20
Q

The ______, or ______, is a long tube that carries air from the larynx to the mid-chest level.

A

trachea, windpipe

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21
Q

TRACHEA

Its walls are reinforced with ______ rings of ______. These rings have two functions: the ______ faces the esophagus, allowing it to expand when swallowing large food, while the ______ keeps the trachea open during breathing.

A

C-shaped, hyaline cartilage, open part, solid part

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22
Q

TRACHEA

The ______, located next to the ______, completes the trachea’s wall at the back.

A

trachealis muscle, esophagus

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23
Q

The ______ are two tubes formed by the division of the trachea, each leading to a lung.

A

main bronchi

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24
Q

BRONCHI

The ______ is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left, making it a more common site for inhaled objects to get stuck.

A

right bronchus

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25
Q

The ______ carry warm, filtered, and humid air into the lungs.

A

bronchi

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26
Q

After entering the lungs, the main bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches (______ and ______ bronchi, and so on), finally ending in the smallest of the conducting passageways, the ______.

A

secondary, tertiary, bronchioles

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27
Q

BRONCHIOLES

Inside the lungs, these provide direct pathways to the ______ for gas exchange.

A

air sacs

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28
Q

Each lung has an ______ (______) near the clavicle and a ______ resting on the diaphragm.

A

apex, top part, base

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29
Q

LUNGS

The left lung has ______, and the right lung has ______.

A

two lobes, three

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30
Q

The lungs are covered by a visceral serosa called the ______ (______) pleura, while the thoracic cavity is lined by the ______. These pleural membranes produce ______, allowing the lungs to move smoothly during breathing and helping them stay attached to the thorax wall, which is vital for normal breathing.

A

pulmonary, visceral, parietal pleura, pleural fluid

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31
Q

The ______ is a dome-shaped, thin skeletal muscle, located just below the lungs and heart, is the primary muscle used in respiration.

A

diaphragm

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32
Q

The lungs ______ and ______ when you inhale, creating a vacuum effect that ______.

A

contract, flatten, pulls air into the lungs

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33
Q

When you exhale, the diaphragm ______ and the air is ______.

A

relaxes, pushed out of lungs

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34
Q

______
- Is the process of moving air in and out of the respiratory system

A

PULMONARY VENTILATION

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35
Q

______
- Occurs because gasses move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

A

PULMONARY VENTILATION

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36
Q

______ Increases and Decreases as the Thoracic Cavity Expands and Contracts

A

Lung Volume

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37
Q

Changes in thoracic cavity size directly alter ______.

A

lung volume

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38
Q

Normal quiet breathing, the diaphragm ______ to ______ the lungs during inspiration and ______ for elastic recoil during expiration.

A

contracts, expand, relaxes

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39
Q

In heavy breathing, ______ assist by pushing the diaphragm ______ for forceful expiration.

A

abdominal muscles, upward

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40
Q

Raising and Lowering the Rib Cage Causes the Lungs to ______ and ______

A

Expand, Contract

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41
Q

When the rib cage elevates, the ribs and sternum move ______, increasing ______.

A

forward, chest thickness

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42
Q

Muscles of ______, like ______ raise the rib cage in a “______” motion. This ______ the thoracic cavity volume.

A

inspiration, external intercostals, bucket handle, increases

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43
Q

Muscles of ______, like the ______ and ______, depress the rib cage and push the diaphragm upward. This ______ the thoracic cavity volume.

A

expiration, internal intercostals, abdominal recti, decreases

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44
Q

Pressures that cause the movement of air in and out of the lungs:

A

Pleural Pressure
Alveolar Pressure

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45
Q

______ is the pressure in the space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura.

A

Pleural pressure

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46
Q

Pleural Pressure:

At the start of inspiration, it’s around ______ of water, required to hold the lungs at resting volume.

A

−5 cm

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47
Q

Pleural Pressure:

During inspiration, chest expansion makes pleural pressure more negative, reaching around ______ of water.

A

−7.5 cm

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48
Q

______ is the pressure inside the alveoli.

A

Alveolar pressure

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49
Q

Alveolar Pressure:

When the glottis is open with no airflow, alveolar pressure equals ______ (______ of water).

A

atmospheric pressure, 0 cm

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50
Q

Alveolar Pressure:

During inspiration, alveolar pressure drops to ______ of water, moving ______ of air into the lungs.

A

−1 cm, 0.5 L

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51
Q

Alveolar Pressure:

During expiration, alveolar pressure rises to ______ of water, forcing the ______ of air out.

A

+1 cm, 0.5 L

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52
Q

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
- Measurement: Most pulmonary volumes and capacities can be measured with a ______, except ______, ______, and ______.

A

spirometer, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume

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53
Q

Pulmonary Volumes:

______: ______ (air per normal breath).

A

Tidal Volume (Vt), ~500 mL

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54
Q

Pulmonary Volumes:

______: ______ (extra air above tidal volume).

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), ~3000 mL

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55
Q

Pulmonary Volumes:

______: ______ (extra air expelled forcefully).

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), ~1100 mL

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56
Q

Pulmonary Volumes:

______: ______ (air remaining after forceful expiration).

A

Residual Volume (RV), ~1200 mL

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57
Q

Pulmonary Capacities:

Inspiratory Capacity (IC): ______ (______).

A

Tidal volume + IRV, ~3500 mL

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58
Q

Pulmonary Capacities:

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): ______ (______).

A

ERV + RV, ~2300 mL

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59
Q

Pulmonary Capacities:

Vital Capacity (VC): ______ (______).

A

IRV + Vt + ERV, ~4600 mL

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60
Q

Pulmonary Capacities:

Total Lung Capacity (TLC): ______ (______); equals ______.

A

Maximum lung expansion, ~5800 mL, VC + RV

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61
Q

______
- The total amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute, averaging around 6 L/min.

A

Minute Respiratory Volume

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62
Q

______
- The volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas of the lungs per minute, about 4200 mL/min.

A

Alveolar Ventilation

63
Q

Types of Dead Space Air:

A

Anatomical Dead Space
Alveolar Dead Space
Physiological Dead Space

64
Q

Types of Dead Space Air

______: Air in the conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange.

A

Anatomical Dead Space

65
Q

Types of Dead Space Air

______: Air in the gas exchange areas of the lungs that cannot engage in gas exchange; nearly zero in healthy individuals.

A

Alveolar Dead Space

66
Q

Types of Dead Space Air

______: Total dead space air, combining both anatomical and alveolar dead spaces.

A

Physiological Dead Space

67
Q

______
- Function of respirator passage diameter

A

Airways Resistance

68
Q

Airways Resistance

Most airflow resistance occurs in the ______.

A

larger bronchi

69
Q

Airways Resistance

Under disease conditions, ______ contribute significantly to airflow resistance due to their ______ and ______.

A

smaller bronchioles, size, muscle contraction

70
Q

All the respiratory passages are kept moist with a layer of ______.

A

mucus

71
Q

______ in the respiratory passages continuously beat toward the pharynx, moving mucus and trapped particles for swallowing or coughing.

A

Cilia

72
Q

______ traps particles; ______ move it towards the pharynx for removal.

A

Mucus, cilia

73
Q

The blood volume of the lungs is about ______, about ______% of the total blood volume of the entire circulatory system.

A

450 ml, 9

74
Q

BLOOD VOLUME OF LUNGS

Approximately 70 ml of this pulmonary blood volume is in the ______; the remainder is divided about equally between the ______ and ______.

A

pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary arteries, veins

75
Q

Blood flow through the lungs is essentially equal to the ______. Therefore, the factors that control ______ also control ______.

A

cardiac output, cardiac output, pulmonary blood flow

76
Q

PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OUTPUT

Under most conditions, the ______ act as distensible tubes that ______ with increasing pressure and ______ with decreasing pressure.

A

pulmonary vessels, enlarge, narrow

77
Q

When the concentration of O2 in the air of the alveoli decreases below normal, especially when it falls below ______% of normal, the adjacent blood vessels ______ and may ______ vascular resistance more than ______ at extremely low O2 levels. This mechanism is called ______.

A

70, constrict, increase, fivefold, pulmonary vasoconstriction

78
Q

The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:

A

Vasoconstrictor Substances
Vasodilator Inhibition
Oxygen-Sensitive Ion Channels

79
Q

The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:

Vasoconstrictor Substances:
- Low oxygen levels might stimulate the release of vasoconstrictors like ______ or ______ to reactive oxygen species.

A

endothelin, increase sensitivity

80
Q

The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:

Vasodilator Inhibition:
- There may also be a ______ in the release of vasodilators such as ______ from lung tissue.

A

decrease, nitric oxide

81
Q

The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:

Oxygen-Sensitive Ion Channels:
- Hypoxia can induce ______ by blocking ______ in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. When oxygen levels decrease, this blockage leads to membrane ______ and ______ of calcium channels, causing calcium ions to enter the cells and resulting in the constriction of ______ and ______.

A

vasoconstriction, potassium ion channels, depolarization, activation, small arteries, arterioles

82
Q

This increase in pulmonary vascular resistance serves a critical function: it helps ______ blood flow to ______ of the lungs.

A

redirect, better-ventilated areas

83
Q

If certain alveoli are poorly ventilated and have low oxygen concentrations, the local blood vessels ______, allowing blood to flow to regions of the lungs with ______. This automatic control mechanism ensures that ______ is distributed effectively based on the available oxygen levels in the alveoli

A

constrict, higher oxygen levels, blood flow

84
Q

When the lungs expand and contract during normal breathing, they ______ back and forth within the ______

To facilitate this movement, a thin layer of ______ lies between the ______ and ______ pleurae.

A

slide, pleural cavity, mucoid fluid, parietal, visceral

85
Q

The ______ is a porous, mesenchymal, serous membrane through which small amounts of
______ transude continually into the ______.

These fluids carry ______ with them, giving the pleural fluid a ______ characteristic, which is
what allows extremely easy ______ of the moving lungs.

A

pleural membrane, interstitial fluid, pleural space

tissue proteins, mucoid, slippage

86
Q

The total fluid in each pleural cavity is ______ — just a few milliliters.
Excess fluid is removed by ______, which drain into:
- ______
- ______
- ______

A

minimal, lymphatic vessels, Mediastinum, Superior surface of the diaphragm, Lateral surfaces of the parietal pleura

87
Q

Therefore, the ______, the space between the
parietal and visceral pleurae, is called a ______ because it normally is so narrow that it is not
obviously a physical space

A

pleural space, potential space

88
Q

______
- always required on the outside of the lungs to keep the lungs expanded.

A

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

89
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

This force is provided by negative pressure in the ______

A

normal pleural space

90
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

CAUSE: pumping of ______ from the ______ by the ______

A

fluid, space, lymphatics

91
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

Normal lung collapse tendency: ______.

A

-4 mm Hg

92
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

Pleural fluid pressure must be at least ______ to prevent collapse

A

-4 mm Hg

93
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

the pressure is usually about ______, which is a few millimeters of mercury more negative than the collapse pressure of the lungs

A

–7 mm Hg

94
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

This pressure keeps lungs ______ against the ______.

A

pulled, parietal pleura

95
Q

NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID

extremely thin layer of ______ remains ______ and acts as a ______

A

mucoid fluid, unaffected, lubricant

96
Q

______
- Collection of large amounts of free fluid in the pleural space

A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

97
Q

A ______ is an unusual amount of fluid around the lung

A

pleural effusion

98
Q

Pleural effusion is ______ to ______ in the tissues and can be called ______.

A

analogous, edema fluid, edema of the pleural cavity

99
Q

CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION:

A

Blockage of lymphatic drainage
Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Cardiac failure
Infection or inflammation

100
Q

CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION

______: from the pleural cavity

A

Blockage of lymphatic drainage

101
Q

CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION

______: Leads to excess fluid transudation.

A

Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure

102
Q

CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION

______: High capillary pressures causing fluid transudation

A

Cardiac failure

103
Q

CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION

______: Increases capillary permeability, allowing fluid and plasma proteins into the pleural cavity.

A

Infection or inflammation

104
Q

OXYGEN DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT:

A

Gases move by diffusion due to partial pressure
differences.

O2 diffuses from alveoli to pulmonary capillary blood because alveolar Po2 is higher than in the blood.

In body tissues, higher Po2 in capillary blood causes O2 to diffuse into surrounding cells.

105
Q

CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT

A

When O2 is metabolized, intracellular Pco2 rises, causing CO2 to diffuse into tissue capillaries.

In the lungs, CO2 diffuses out of blood into alveoli because Pco2 in pulmonary capillary blood is higher than in the alveoli

O2 and CO2 transport depends on both diffusion and blood flow.

106
Q

______ is an expulsive reflex that protects the lungs and respiratory passages from foreign bodies.

A

Cough

107
Q

Causes of Cough:

A
  1. Irritants-smokes, fumes, dusts, etc.
  2. Diseased conditions like COPD, tumors, etc.
  3. Infections(influenza)Inspiratory Phase
108
Q

Components of cough reflex:

A

Cough receptors
Afferent nerves
Cough centre
Efferent nerves
Effector muscles

109
Q

Components of cough reflex:

Cough receptors: Rapidly adapting receptors at ______, ______, ______ and ______

A

pharynx, trachea(carina), bronchi, bronchioles

110
Q

Components of cough reflex:

Afferent nerves: ______ and ______ nerves

A

Vagus, glossopharyngeal

111
Q

Components of cough reflex:

Cough centre: ______ (______)

A

Medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius

112
Q

Components of cough reflex:

Efferent nerves: ______, ______ and ______ nerves

A

Vagus, phrenic, spinal motor

113
Q

Components of cough reflex:

Effector muscles: ______, ______, ______, ______ and ______ muscles

A

Glottis, external intercostal, diaphragm, major inspiratory, expiratory

114
Q

PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX:

A

Inspiratory Phase
Compression Phase
Expiratory Phase

115
Q

PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX

______
- Irritation of cough receptors causes the vocal cords to open more widely, allowing more air to enter the lungs.

A

Inspiratory Phase

116
Q

PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX

______
- The external intercostal muscles and diaphragm then contract causing expansion of the chest cavity, facilitating movement of air into the lungs, and increasing intra-thoracic pressure.

A

Inspiratory Phase

117
Q

PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX

______
- The epiglottis and vocal cords close, trapping the air within the lungs. There is expiration against the closed epiglottis, causing a further increase in intra-thoracic pressure.

A

Compression Phase

118
Q

PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX

______
- The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles contract to depress the thoracic cavity.

A

Expiratory Phase

119
Q

PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX

______
- The vocal cords relax, and the epiglottis opens. This releases the pressure from the lungs and causes air and the irritant to be rapidly expelled.

A

Expiratory Phase

120
Q

______, also known as ______, is defined as the involuntary expulsion of air containing irritants from nose.

A

Sneeze, sternutation

121
Q

Causes of sneeze:

A
  1. Irritation of nasal mucosa
  2. Excess fluid in airway
122
Q

Components of sneeze reflex:

A

Sneeze receptors
Afferent nerve
Sneeze centre
Efferent nerve
Effector muscles

123
Q

Components of sneeze reflex:

Sneeze receptors: ______, ______ receptors

A

Nasal mucosa, Olfactory

124
Q

Components of sneeze reflex:

Afferent nerve: ______ nerve and ______ nerve

A

Trigeminal, olfactory

125
Q

Components of sneeze reflex:

Sneeze centre: ______

A

Medulla

126
Q

Components of sneeze reflex:

Efferent nerve: ______ and ______ nerves

A

trigeminal, vagus

127
Q

Components of sneeze reflex:

Effector muscles: ______, ______ and ______ muscles

A

pharyngeal, tracheal, respiratory

128
Q

MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX

Almost same as that of ______

A

cough reflex

129
Q

MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:

A

Deep Inspiration
Closure of Airways
Pressure Build-up
Expulsion

130
Q

MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:

Deep Inspiration: The diaphragm ______, drawing in a ______ of air.

A

contracts, deep breath

131
Q

MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:

Closure of Airways: The ______ and ______ descend, partially closing off the ______. The ______, the opening between the vocal cords, remains ______.

A

soft palate, uvula, mouth, glottis, open

132
Q

MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:

Pressure Build-up: As the ______ is trapped, pressure builds up in the ______.

A

air, thoracic cavity

133
Q

MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:

Expulsion: The ______ suddenly ______, allowing a forceful expulsion of air at ______. This blast of air carries irritants out of the ______ and ______.

A

glottis, opens, high velocity, nasal passages, mouth

134
Q

______
- abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in the lungs.

A

LUNG CANCER

135
Q

______
- a serious health issue that can cause severe harm and death.

A

LUNG CANCER

136
Q

LUNG CANCER
symptoms include:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______

A

persistent & worsening cough
shortness of breath
coughing up blood

137
Q

______
- inflammation and obstruction of the bronchial tubes.

A

ASTHMA

138
Q

During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes ______, ______ the air passages and making breathing extremely difficult.

A

constrict, narrowing

139
Q

______
- genetic disease that causes sticky, thick mucus to build up in organs, including the lungs and the pancreas

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

140
Q

______
- results in clogged airways and difficulty breathing

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

141
Q

______
- Breathing stops and restarts many times while you sleep, preventing your body from getting enough oxygen.

A

SLEEP APNEA

142
Q

TWO TYPES OF SLEEP APNEA:

A

Obstructive sleep apnea (most common)
Central sleep apnea

143
Q

TWO TYPES OF SLEEP APNEA:

______ (______) — blockage of the upper airway during sleep, caused by obesity, large tonsils, or changes in hormone levels

A

Obstructive sleep apnea, most common

144
Q

TWO TYPES OF SLEEP APNEA:

______ — occurs when your brain does not send the signals needed to breathe and control the airway and chest muscles

A

Central sleep apnea

145
Q

______
- progressive chronic lung condition in which the tiny air sacs (alveoli) are damaged or destroyed.

A

EMPHYSEMA

146
Q

______
- ruptured air sacs, creating one big air pocket instead of tiny ones

A

EMPHYSEMA

147
Q

______
- Air becomes trapped in the damaged areas and doesn’t move the oxygen correctly through the body.

A

EMPHYSEMA

148
Q

______
- inflammation of bronchial tubes, cause coughing, often with mucus production

A

BRONCHITIS

149
Q

BRONCHITIS
- can be ______ (______) or ______ (______).

A

acute, short-term, chronic, long-term

150
Q

______
- infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

A

COVID-19

151
Q

COVID-19
symptoms include:

A

Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Loss of taste or smell
Sore throat

152
Q

______
- A contagious bacterial infection affecting the lungs, caused by the bacterium ______. It is a serious disease that can be fatal if left untreated

A

TUBERCULOSIS, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

153
Q

______
- occurs when oxygen is insufficient at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis, stemming from various causes such as hypoventilation, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, or right-to-left shunting.

A

HYPOXIA

154
Q

TAKING CARE OF THE LUNGS:

A

Avoid smoking.
Stay active with exercise.
Avoid exposure to environmental pollutants
Eat a healthy diet.
Stay hydrated.
Practice deep breathing exercise

2A Physiology Midterms (8 decks)

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