RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
______ - World Lung Day
September 25
The role of the respiratory system, is to ______ and ______.
move air into the body, remove waste products
Body cells require ______ for respiration.
oxygen
The network of respiratory organs and eventual gas exchange into the blood, enables the ______ we breathe to reach our body cells. In turn, ______ is exhaled.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
The organs of the respiratory system include the ______, ______, ______, ______, ______ and their smaller branches, and the ______, which contain the ______, or ______.
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, terminal air sacs
The passageways from the nose to the larynx are called the ______, and those from the trachea to the alveoli are the ______.
upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract
The ______ is an externally visible part of the respiratory system.
nose
Air enters through the ______ (______) and moves into the ______.
nostrils, nares, nasal cavity
Inside, the nasal cavity is lined with ______, which warms and moistens the air while trapping bacteria and debris.
mucosa
The nasal cavity has three projections called ______, which increase surface area and turbulence to further filter the air.
conchae
The ______, or ______, is a long muscular passageway that serves as a common path for both food and air.
pharynx, throat
The pharynx has three regions:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
The pharynx has three regions:
the ______ (connected to the nasal cavity)
nasopharynx
The pharynx has three regions:
the ______ (shared by food and air)
oropharynx
The pharynx has three regions:
the ______ (which directs air to the larynx and food to the esophagus)
laryngopharynx
The ______, or ______, is located below the pharynx and is responsible for routing air and food into the proper channels, as well as playing a role in speech.
larynx, voice box
LARYNX
The largest cartilage is the ______, commonly known as the ______.
thyroid cartilage, Adam’s apple
LARYNX
The ______ acts as a “______,” allowing air into the larynx during breathing and covering the larynx when swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs.
epiglottis, guardian of the airway
The larynx also contains ______ (______) that vibrate with expelled air, enabling speech.
vocal folds, true vocal cords
The ______, or ______, is a long tube that carries air from the larynx to the mid-chest level.
trachea, windpipe
TRACHEA
Its walls are reinforced with ______ rings of ______. These rings have two functions: the ______ faces the esophagus, allowing it to expand when swallowing large food, while the ______ keeps the trachea open during breathing.
C-shaped, hyaline cartilage, open part, solid part
TRACHEA
The ______, located next to the ______, completes the trachea’s wall at the back.
trachealis muscle, esophagus
The ______ are two tubes formed by the division of the trachea, each leading to a lung.
main bronchi
BRONCHI
The ______ is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left, making it a more common site for inhaled objects to get stuck.
right bronchus
The ______ carry warm, filtered, and humid air into the lungs.
bronchi
After entering the lungs, the main bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches (______ and ______ bronchi, and so on), finally ending in the smallest of the conducting passageways, the ______.
secondary, tertiary, bronchioles
BRONCHIOLES
Inside the lungs, these provide direct pathways to the ______ for gas exchange.
air sacs
Each lung has an ______ (______) near the clavicle and a ______ resting on the diaphragm.
apex, top part, base
LUNGS
The left lung has ______, and the right lung has ______.
two lobes, three
The lungs are covered by a visceral serosa called the ______ (______) pleura, while the thoracic cavity is lined by the ______. These pleural membranes produce ______, allowing the lungs to move smoothly during breathing and helping them stay attached to the thorax wall, which is vital for normal breathing.
pulmonary, visceral, parietal pleura, pleural fluid
The ______ is a dome-shaped, thin skeletal muscle, located just below the lungs and heart, is the primary muscle used in respiration.
diaphragm
The lungs ______ and ______ when you inhale, creating a vacuum effect that ______.
contract, flatten, pulls air into the lungs
When you exhale, the diaphragm ______ and the air is ______.
relaxes, pushed out of lungs
______
- Is the process of moving air in and out of the respiratory system
PULMONARY VENTILATION
______
- Occurs because gasses move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
PULMONARY VENTILATION
______ Increases and Decreases as the Thoracic Cavity Expands and Contracts
Lung Volume
Changes in thoracic cavity size directly alter ______.
lung volume
Normal quiet breathing, the diaphragm ______ to ______ the lungs during inspiration and ______ for elastic recoil during expiration.
contracts, expand, relaxes
In heavy breathing, ______ assist by pushing the diaphragm ______ for forceful expiration.
abdominal muscles, upward
Raising and Lowering the Rib Cage Causes the Lungs to ______ and ______
Expand, Contract
When the rib cage elevates, the ribs and sternum move ______, increasing ______.
forward, chest thickness
Muscles of ______, like ______ raise the rib cage in a “______” motion. This ______ the thoracic cavity volume.
inspiration, external intercostals, bucket handle, increases
Muscles of ______, like the ______ and ______, depress the rib cage and push the diaphragm upward. This ______ the thoracic cavity volume.
expiration, internal intercostals, abdominal recti, decreases
Pressures that cause the movement of air in and out of the lungs:
Pleural Pressure
Alveolar Pressure
______ is the pressure in the space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura.
Pleural pressure
Pleural Pressure:
At the start of inspiration, it’s around ______ of water, required to hold the lungs at resting volume.
−5 cm
Pleural Pressure:
During inspiration, chest expansion makes pleural pressure more negative, reaching around ______ of water.
−7.5 cm
______ is the pressure inside the alveoli.
Alveolar pressure
Alveolar Pressure:
When the glottis is open with no airflow, alveolar pressure equals ______ (______ of water).
atmospheric pressure, 0 cm
Alveolar Pressure:
During inspiration, alveolar pressure drops to ______ of water, moving ______ of air into the lungs.
−1 cm, 0.5 L
Alveolar Pressure:
During expiration, alveolar pressure rises to ______ of water, forcing the ______ of air out.
+1 cm, 0.5 L
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
- Measurement: Most pulmonary volumes and capacities can be measured with a ______, except ______, ______, and ______.
spirometer, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume
Pulmonary Volumes:
______: ______ (air per normal breath).
Tidal Volume (Vt), ~500 mL
Pulmonary Volumes:
______: ______ (extra air above tidal volume).
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), ~3000 mL
Pulmonary Volumes:
______: ______ (extra air expelled forcefully).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), ~1100 mL
Pulmonary Volumes:
______: ______ (air remaining after forceful expiration).
Residual Volume (RV), ~1200 mL
Pulmonary Capacities:
Inspiratory Capacity (IC): ______ (______).
Tidal volume + IRV, ~3500 mL
Pulmonary Capacities:
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): ______ (______).
ERV + RV, ~2300 mL
Pulmonary Capacities:
Vital Capacity (VC): ______ (______).
IRV + Vt + ERV, ~4600 mL
Pulmonary Capacities:
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): ______ (______); equals ______.
Maximum lung expansion, ~5800 mL, VC + RV
______
- The total amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute, averaging around 6 L/min.
Minute Respiratory Volume
______
- The volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas of the lungs per minute, about 4200 mL/min.
Alveolar Ventilation
Types of Dead Space Air:
Anatomical Dead Space
Alveolar Dead Space
Physiological Dead Space
Types of Dead Space Air
______: Air in the conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange.
Anatomical Dead Space
Types of Dead Space Air
______: Air in the gas exchange areas of the lungs that cannot engage in gas exchange; nearly zero in healthy individuals.
Alveolar Dead Space
Types of Dead Space Air
______: Total dead space air, combining both anatomical and alveolar dead spaces.
Physiological Dead Space
______
- Function of respirator passage diameter
Airways Resistance
Airways Resistance
Most airflow resistance occurs in the ______.
larger bronchi
Airways Resistance
Under disease conditions, ______ contribute significantly to airflow resistance due to their ______ and ______.
smaller bronchioles, size, muscle contraction
All the respiratory passages are kept moist with a layer of ______.
mucus
______ in the respiratory passages continuously beat toward the pharynx, moving mucus and trapped particles for swallowing or coughing.
Cilia
______ traps particles; ______ move it towards the pharynx for removal.
Mucus, cilia
The blood volume of the lungs is about ______, about ______% of the total blood volume of the entire circulatory system.
450 ml, 9
BLOOD VOLUME OF LUNGS
Approximately 70 ml of this pulmonary blood volume is in the ______; the remainder is divided about equally between the ______ and ______.
pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary arteries, veins
Blood flow through the lungs is essentially equal to the ______. Therefore, the factors that control ______ also control ______.
cardiac output, cardiac output, pulmonary blood flow
PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
Under most conditions, the ______ act as distensible tubes that ______ with increasing pressure and ______ with decreasing pressure.
pulmonary vessels, enlarge, narrow
When the concentration of O2 in the air of the alveoli decreases below normal, especially when it falls below ______% of normal, the adjacent blood vessels ______ and may ______ vascular resistance more than ______ at extremely low O2 levels. This mechanism is called ______.
70, constrict, increase, fivefold, pulmonary vasoconstriction
The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
Vasoconstrictor Substances
Vasodilator Inhibition
Oxygen-Sensitive Ion Channels
The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
Vasoconstrictor Substances:
- Low oxygen levels might stimulate the release of vasoconstrictors like ______ or ______ to reactive oxygen species.
endothelin, increase sensitivity
The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
Vasodilator Inhibition:
- There may also be a ______ in the release of vasodilators such as ______ from lung tissue.
decrease, nitric oxide
The mechanisms behind this pulmonary vasoconstriction during hypoxia are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
Oxygen-Sensitive Ion Channels:
- Hypoxia can induce ______ by blocking ______ in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. When oxygen levels decrease, this blockage leads to membrane ______ and ______ of calcium channels, causing calcium ions to enter the cells and resulting in the constriction of ______ and ______.
vasoconstriction, potassium ion channels, depolarization, activation, small arteries, arterioles
This increase in pulmonary vascular resistance serves a critical function: it helps ______ blood flow to ______ of the lungs.
redirect, better-ventilated areas
If certain alveoli are poorly ventilated and have low oxygen concentrations, the local blood vessels ______, allowing blood to flow to regions of the lungs with ______. This automatic control mechanism ensures that ______ is distributed effectively based on the available oxygen levels in the alveoli
constrict, higher oxygen levels, blood flow
When the lungs expand and contract during normal breathing, they ______ back and forth within the ______
To facilitate this movement, a thin layer of ______ lies between the ______ and ______ pleurae.
slide, pleural cavity, mucoid fluid, parietal, visceral
The ______ is a porous, mesenchymal, serous membrane through which small amounts of
______ transude continually into the ______.
These fluids carry ______ with them, giving the pleural fluid a ______ characteristic, which is
what allows extremely easy ______ of the moving lungs.
pleural membrane, interstitial fluid, pleural space
tissue proteins, mucoid, slippage
The total fluid in each pleural cavity is ______ — just a few milliliters.
Excess fluid is removed by ______, which drain into:
- ______
- ______
- ______
minimal, lymphatic vessels, Mediastinum, Superior surface of the diaphragm, Lateral surfaces of the parietal pleura
Therefore, the ______, the space between the
parietal and visceral pleurae, is called a ______ because it normally is so narrow that it is not
obviously a physical space
pleural space, potential space
______
- always required on the outside of the lungs to keep the lungs expanded.
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
This force is provided by negative pressure in the ______
normal pleural space
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
CAUSE: pumping of ______ from the ______ by the ______
fluid, space, lymphatics
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
Normal lung collapse tendency: ______.
-4 mm Hg
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
Pleural fluid pressure must be at least ______ to prevent collapse
-4 mm Hg
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
the pressure is usually about ______, which is a few millimeters of mercury more negative than the collapse pressure of the lungs
–7 mm Hg
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
This pressure keeps lungs ______ against the ______.
pulled, parietal pleura
NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN PLEURAL FLUID
extremely thin layer of ______ remains ______ and acts as a ______
mucoid fluid, unaffected, lubricant
______
- Collection of large amounts of free fluid in the pleural space
PLEURAL EFFUSION
A ______ is an unusual amount of fluid around the lung
pleural effusion
Pleural effusion is ______ to ______ in the tissues and can be called ______.
analogous, edema fluid, edema of the pleural cavity
CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION:
Blockage of lymphatic drainage
Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Cardiac failure
Infection or inflammation
CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
______: from the pleural cavity
Blockage of lymphatic drainage
CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
______: Leads to excess fluid transudation.
Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure
CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
______: High capillary pressures causing fluid transudation
Cardiac failure
CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
______: Increases capillary permeability, allowing fluid and plasma proteins into the pleural cavity.
Infection or inflammation
OXYGEN DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT:
Gases move by diffusion due to partial pressure
differences.
O2 diffuses from alveoli to pulmonary capillary blood because alveolar Po2 is higher than in the blood.
In body tissues, higher Po2 in capillary blood causes O2 to diffuse into surrounding cells.
CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT
When O2 is metabolized, intracellular Pco2 rises, causing CO2 to diffuse into tissue capillaries.
In the lungs, CO2 diffuses out of blood into alveoli because Pco2 in pulmonary capillary blood is higher than in the alveoli
O2 and CO2 transport depends on both diffusion and blood flow.
______ is an expulsive reflex that protects the lungs and respiratory passages from foreign bodies.
Cough
Causes of Cough:
- Irritants-smokes, fumes, dusts, etc.
- Diseased conditions like COPD, tumors, etc.
- Infections(influenza)Inspiratory Phase
Components of cough reflex:
Cough receptors
Afferent nerves
Cough centre
Efferent nerves
Effector muscles
Components of cough reflex:
Cough receptors: Rapidly adapting receptors at ______, ______, ______ and ______
pharynx, trachea(carina), bronchi, bronchioles
Components of cough reflex:
Afferent nerves: ______ and ______ nerves
Vagus, glossopharyngeal
Components of cough reflex:
Cough centre: ______ (______)
Medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius
Components of cough reflex:
Efferent nerves: ______, ______ and ______ nerves
Vagus, phrenic, spinal motor
Components of cough reflex:
Effector muscles: ______, ______, ______, ______ and ______ muscles
Glottis, external intercostal, diaphragm, major inspiratory, expiratory
PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX:
Inspiratory Phase
Compression Phase
Expiratory Phase
PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX
______
- Irritation of cough receptors causes the vocal cords to open more widely, allowing more air to enter the lungs.
Inspiratory Phase
PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX
______
- The external intercostal muscles and diaphragm then contract causing expansion of the chest cavity, facilitating movement of air into the lungs, and increasing intra-thoracic pressure.
Inspiratory Phase
PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX
______
- The epiglottis and vocal cords close, trapping the air within the lungs. There is expiration against the closed epiglottis, causing a further increase in intra-thoracic pressure.
Compression Phase
PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX
______
- The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles contract to depress the thoracic cavity.
Expiratory Phase
PHASES OF COUGH REFLEX
______
- The vocal cords relax, and the epiglottis opens. This releases the pressure from the lungs and causes air and the irritant to be rapidly expelled.
Expiratory Phase
______, also known as ______, is defined as the involuntary expulsion of air containing irritants from nose.
Sneeze, sternutation
Causes of sneeze:
- Irritation of nasal mucosa
- Excess fluid in airway
Components of sneeze reflex:
Sneeze receptors
Afferent nerve
Sneeze centre
Efferent nerve
Effector muscles
Components of sneeze reflex:
Sneeze receptors: ______, ______ receptors
Nasal mucosa, Olfactory
Components of sneeze reflex:
Afferent nerve: ______ nerve and ______ nerve
Trigeminal, olfactory
Components of sneeze reflex:
Sneeze centre: ______
Medulla
Components of sneeze reflex:
Efferent nerve: ______ and ______ nerves
trigeminal, vagus
Components of sneeze reflex:
Effector muscles: ______, ______ and ______ muscles
pharyngeal, tracheal, respiratory
MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX
Almost same as that of ______
cough reflex
MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:
Deep Inspiration
Closure of Airways
Pressure Build-up
Expulsion
MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:
Deep Inspiration: The diaphragm ______, drawing in a ______ of air.
contracts, deep breath
MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:
Closure of Airways: The ______ and ______ descend, partially closing off the ______. The ______, the opening between the vocal cords, remains ______.
soft palate, uvula, mouth, glottis, open
MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:
Pressure Build-up: As the ______ is trapped, pressure builds up in the ______.
air, thoracic cavity
MECHANISM OF SNEEZE REFLEX:
Expulsion: The ______ suddenly ______, allowing a forceful expulsion of air at ______. This blast of air carries irritants out of the ______ and ______.
glottis, opens, high velocity, nasal passages, mouth
______
- abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in the lungs.
LUNG CANCER
______
- a serious health issue that can cause severe harm and death.
LUNG CANCER
LUNG CANCER
symptoms include:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
persistent & worsening cough
shortness of breath
coughing up blood
______
- inflammation and obstruction of the bronchial tubes.
ASTHMA
During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes ______, ______ the air passages and making breathing extremely difficult.
constrict, narrowing
______
- genetic disease that causes sticky, thick mucus to build up in organs, including the lungs and the pancreas
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
______
- results in clogged airways and difficulty breathing
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
______
- Breathing stops and restarts many times while you sleep, preventing your body from getting enough oxygen.
SLEEP APNEA
TWO TYPES OF SLEEP APNEA:
Obstructive sleep apnea (most common)
Central sleep apnea
TWO TYPES OF SLEEP APNEA:
______ (______) — blockage of the upper airway during sleep, caused by obesity, large tonsils, or changes in hormone levels
Obstructive sleep apnea, most common
TWO TYPES OF SLEEP APNEA:
______ — occurs when your brain does not send the signals needed to breathe and control the airway and chest muscles
Central sleep apnea
______
- progressive chronic lung condition in which the tiny air sacs (alveoli) are damaged or destroyed.
EMPHYSEMA
______
- ruptured air sacs, creating one big air pocket instead of tiny ones
EMPHYSEMA
______
- Air becomes trapped in the damaged areas and doesn’t move the oxygen correctly through the body.
EMPHYSEMA
______
- inflammation of bronchial tubes, cause coughing, often with mucus production
BRONCHITIS
BRONCHITIS
- can be ______ (______) or ______ (______).
acute, short-term, chronic, long-term
______
- infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
COVID-19
COVID-19
symptoms include:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Loss of taste or smell
Sore throat
______
- A contagious bacterial infection affecting the lungs, caused by the bacterium ______. It is a serious disease that can be fatal if left untreated
TUBERCULOSIS, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______
- occurs when oxygen is insufficient at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis, stemming from various causes such as hypoventilation, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, or right-to-left shunting.
HYPOXIA
TAKING CARE OF THE LUNGS:
Avoid smoking.
Stay active with exercise.
Avoid exposure to environmental pollutants
Eat a healthy diet.
Stay hydrated.
Practice deep breathing exercise
